Digestive System Flashcards by Taylor Andrews

What does the salivary glands secrete?

Saliva

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What is the function of the salivary glands?

Moisten and bind food particles, begins carbo digestion, & acts as a solvent to dissolve food chemicals (necessary to taste), & clean mouth and teeth

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What are the 2 types of cells in salivary glands?

Mucous and serous

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Which cell type secretes amylase?

Serous

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What does amylase do?

Digestive enzyme that splits starch and glycogen into disaccharides

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Which cell type secretes mucus?

Mucous

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What does mucus do?

Thick, stringy liquid that binds food and acts as lubricant during swallowing

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What are the 3 major glands in salivary glands?

Parotid, submandibular, sublingual glands

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Which major gland is also known as submaxilary?

Submandibular

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Which major gland is the smallest and found on floor of mouth under tongue and secretes a

thick & stringy fluid?

Sublingual glands

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Which major gland is the largest and found in front of and below ear and secretes watery fluid

containing amylase?

Parotid

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Which major gland is located on inside surface of jaw in floor of mouth and secretes a more

viscous fluid than the parotid glands?

Submandibular (submaxilary)

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The pharynx connects what 2 cavities with what 2 things?

Connects nasal and oral cavity with larynx and esophagus

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What are the 3 parts of the pharynx?

Nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx

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Which part of the pharynx is located behind the nasal cavity?

Nasopharynx

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Which part of the pharynx is located in the larynx?

Laryngopharynx

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Which part of the pharynx is located in the oral cavity?

Oropharynx

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How long is the esophagus?

25 cm

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What is scattered throughout the esophagus to keep inner lining moist?

 Mucous glands

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What type of fibers are located in the esophagus?

Circular muscle

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Where are these fibers found?

 Within walls and thicken above esophagus/stomach juncture

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Why do they contract?

To prevent regurgitation

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When to they relax and why?

When peristaltic waves reach stomach to allow food to enter

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What is the stomach shaped as?

 J

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What is the capacity of the stomach?

1 liter

The stomach is lined with thick folds called what?

Rugae

What is the function of the stomach?

Receive food, mix it with gastric juice, initiate digestion of proteins, absorb some nutrients, and move food into small intestine

What are the 4 regions of the stomach?

Cardiac, fundic, body, pyloric

Which is a small area of the stomach near esophageal opening?

Cardiac

Which is the main part of the stomach?

Body

31. Which are balloons above cardiac region and is temporary storage area of the stomach?

Fundic

Which part of the stomach narrows and becomes pyloric canal?

Pyloric

What is the thickening of muscular wall at end of canal?

Pyloric sphincter

What does the pyloric sphincter prevent?

Regurgitation from small intestine

What are the 3 gastric secretions and what do they secrete?

 Mucous-mucus; chief-pepsinogen (inactive); parietal-HCl and intrinsic factor

What changes pepsinogen into pepsin?

HCl

What helps absorb vitamin B-12 from small intestine?

Intrinsic factor

What is viscous and alkaline to coat and protect inner stomach wall from pepsin digesting the proteins of its wall?

Mucus

What is a protein-splitting enzyme?

Pepsin

What are 5 things the stomach can absorb?

Water, glucose, certain salts, alcohol, various lipid-soluble drugs

What is a semi-fluid paste of food and gastric juices and is pushed towards pyloric region?

Chyme

What rate depends on at which food empties to small intestine?

Fluidity of chyme and type of food

What is the order of substances that the stomach digests?

Carbos, proteins, fats

How long does it take to digest?

3-6 hrs

The pancreas serves as what 2 glands?

Endocrine and exocrine

Which gland releases hormones?

Endocrine

47. Which gland secretes digestive juice?

Exocrine

The pancreas is an elongated, flattened organ that is posterior to what?

Stomach

What is the pancreas attached to and by what?

Duodenum of small intestine by a duct

What type of cells are in the pancreas?

Acinar

What do the acinar cells produce?

Pancreatic juice

What is the pancreatic juice capable of digesting?

Carbos, fats, proteins, and nucleic acids

What splits starch and glycogen into disaccharides?

Pancreatic amylase

What breaks triglycerides into 3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol?

Pancreatic lipase

What splits bonds of amino acids into proteins?

Proteinases

What are 3 kinds of proteinases?

 Trypsin, chymotrypsin, and carboxypeptidase

The Trypsin, chymotrypsin, and carboxypeptidase are all secreted in their inactive form until they reach small intestine where other enzymes do what?

Activate them

What breaks nucleic acid molecules into nucleotides?

Nucleases

What are two types of the nucleases?

 DNA & RNA

Pancreatic secretions are regulated by what?

Parasympathetic nerve impulses and the hormones secretin and cholecystokinin

 Parasympathetic nerve impulses and the hormones gastrin and cholecystokinin

Salivary secretions are regulated by what?

Parasympathetic nerve impulses

What is a mass of chewed food mixed with saliva rolled into a ball?

Bolus

What color is the liver and why?

Reddish/brown because well supplied with blood vessels

What is the largest gland in the body?

Liver

What are the 5 functions of the liver?

Metabolizes carbos, lipids, and proteins  Stores glycogen, vitamins A, D, & B12, and iron  Filters damaged RBCs and foreign substances from blood  Detoxificator – alters composition of toxic substances  Secretes bile

What color is the bile?

Yellowish green liquid

What is bile composed of?

Water, bile salts, bile pigments, cholesterol, and electroclytes

The liver is composed of how many lobes?

Which liver lobe is larger?

right

Each liver lobe is divided into what?

Tiny hepatic lobules

What does the tiny hepatic lobules contain?

Hepatic cells

What shape is the gallbladder?

Pear

How is it attached to surface of liver?

Cystic duct

What are the functions of the gall bladder?

Stores bile between meals  Concentrates bile  Releases bile into small intestine

How is the common bile duct formed?

By union of hepatic and cystic ducts

What does the hepatic and cystic ducts lead to?

Duodenum

What is the duodenum guarded by?

Sphincter muscle (sphincter of Oddi)

Presence of fat in small intestine triggers release of hormone cholecystokinin which stimulates what?

Contraction of gall bladder

Bile salts are not a digestive enzyme, but aids in what?

The action of digestive enzymes

What is it when fat globules break into smaller droplets to mix with water, allowing lipases to digest fat molecule better?

Emulsify

What do bile salts enhance absorption of?

Fatty acids, certain fat-soluble vitamins (A,D,E,K), and cholesterol

Lack of bile salts can cause what?

Vitamin deficiencies and lipids to be absorb poorly