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Bio 204: Digestive System > Digestive System > Flashcards

Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

What does food contain?

A

water, inorganic salts (Ph, Na, etc.), and major nutrients (carbs, lipids, fats, proteins, etc.)/ micronutrients (vitamins)

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2
Q

What are the 6 PRIMARY components of the digestive system?

A
  1. mouth
  2. pharynx
  3. esophogus
  4. stomach
  5. small intestine
  6. large intestine
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3
Q

What are the 2 accessory components of the digestive system?

A
  1. salivary glands
  2. liver (with gallbladder, bile duct, haptic portal circulation)
  3. pancreas
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4
Q

What are the 4 categories of activities in the D.S.?

A
  1. motility- movements of various parts of the digestive tract
  2. secretion- secretion into the digestive tract of various juices
  3. digestion- the process of breaking up larger molecules into smaller ones
  4. absorption- the process whereby the products of digestion are transferred from the inside of the tract into the bloodstream
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5
Q

What are the anatomical segments of the digestive tract?

A
  1. Mouth
  2. Pharynx
  3. Esophagus
  4. Stomach= fundus, body, antrum
  5. Small Intestine= duodenum, jejunum, ilieum
  6. Large Intestine= caecum, colon,rectum, anal canal
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6
Q

What is the function of the mouth?

A
  1. receives the food that is placed into it
  2. mastication- grinds up and mixes food with saliva
  3. preliminary digestion of carbs (salivary amylase)
  4. swallowing
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7
Q

What is the mouth enclosed by?

A

lips, cheeks, hard and soft palates, gums part of the tongue and the mucous membrane

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8
Q

What is the function of the pharynx?

A

swallowing

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9
Q

What is the pharynx described as in Gray’s Anatomy?

A

a musculomembranous tube

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10
Q

What is the pharynx lined with?

A

mucous membrane that contains auditory tubes (eustachian tubes), nasal cavity, mouth and larynx

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11
Q

How can you swallow?

A

has a muscle coat (3 constricot muscles) that pull the wall inwards during swallowing= sphincter and partly to promote peristaltic actions

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12
Q

What are the 3 segments of the pharynx?

A
  1. nasopharynx
  2. oropharynx
  3. laryngopharnyx
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13
Q

What is the nasopharynx?

A

air from the nasal cavity enters it through two posterior nasal apertures

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14
Q

What is the oropharynx?

A

opens from the mouth and runs from the soft palette to the epiglottis

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15
Q

What is the laryngopharynx?

A

runs from the upper border of the epiglottis to the lower border of the cricoid cartilage( then continues with the esophagus)

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16
Q

What is the point at which the nasopharynx and the oropharynx meet?

A

pharyngeal isthmus

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17
Q

What is closed during swallowing due to the elevation of the soft palette?

A

pharyngeal isthmus

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18
Q

Where is the pharyngeal tonsil found?

A

in the roof and posterior wall of the nasopharynx

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19
Q

What is another name for pharyngeal tonsil?

A

adenoid

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20
Q

What is the pharyngeal tonsil?

A

It is a mass of lymphoid tissue that increases in size up to 7 yrs old - then atrophies

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21
Q

What is the palatine tonsil?

A

found in the oropharynx

  • two masses of lymphoid tissue in its later wall
  • often get infected
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22
Q

What are the 2 types of tonsils found in the digestive system?

A
  1. pharyngeal tonsil

2. palatine tonsil

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23
Q

What are the tonsils considered to be?

A

MALT= mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue

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24
Q

What is the role of the tonsils?

A

help defend against microbial intruders

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25
What is Waldeyer's Ring?
it is a ring of lymphoid tissue that guards the trachea and esophagus against invasion of infectious organisms entering our bodies from the nose and mouth
26
What are the 4 components of Waldeyer's Ring?
1. Lingual Tonsils 2. palatine tonsils 3. pharyngeal tonsil 4. other lymphoid masses of MALT between these groups
27
What are lingual tonsils?
lymphoid nodules in the submucosa of the root of the tongue
28
What is the function of the esophagus?
helps swallowing and connects the pharynx to the stomach
29
What is the anatomical description of the esophagus?
a 10 inch long, thick muscular tube lined with mucous membrane that passes behind the trachea - upper 2/3rds contain skeletal mm. and lower contains smooth mm.
30
What does the esophagus connect?
it connects the pharynx to the stomach
31
What are the 4 functions of the stomach?
1. KEEP food until it is put into the duodenum 2. MIX food with gastric juice (forms chyme) 3. EMPTY chyme in little squirts into the small intestine 4. START protein digestion
32
What is rugae of the stomach?
the folds of the stomach when it is empty
33
What are the 3 main regions of the stomach?
1. fundus 2. body 3. antrum ( the pyloric end empties into the duodenum of the small intestine)
34
What is the cardiac orifice?
where the esophagus opens into the stomach
35
What is the pyloric orifice?
where the stomach opens into the duodenum of the small intestine
36
What are the 2 orifices found in the stomach?
1. cardiac orifice | 2. pyloric orifice
37
What type of epithelium covers the surface of the stomach?
columnar epithelium- secretes thick and protective mucus
38
Where does majority of the gastric juice produced?
in the body and fundus of the stomach
39
What are the 5 types of cells in the stomach?
1. Chief cells (peptic) = exocrine 2. Parietal (oxyntic) cells =exocrine 3. Goblet cells =exocrine 4. Epithelial Cells = exocrine 5. G-Cells =endocrine
40
What do the chief cells in the stomach secrete?
pepsinogen= protein digestion
41
What do the parietal cells in the stomach secrete?
1. HCl- kills ingested bacteria and creates the highly acidic solution needed for pepsin 2. Intrinsic Factor= bind to vitamin B12 in the stomach; aides in the absorption of Vit B12 when it reaches the small intestine
42
What do the Epithelial Cells in the stomach secrete?
secrete alkaline bicarbonate into the mucous layer= assist in protecting the gastric lining from the acid
43
What do the G-Cells secrete?
secrete the hormone Gastrin
44
What is the function of the Small Intestine?
absorb the products of digestion
45
describe the anatomic nature of the small intestines
6-7 meters long; connects the stomach to the large intestine ducts that have pancreatic juice and bile open into the small intestine
46
Why is pancreatic juice key to digestion?
it contains nearly all the enzymes needed for digesting carbs, proteins and fats
47
What are the 3 sections of the small intestine?
1. duodenum 2. Jejunum 3. illeum
48
What does the duodenum contains?
glands of Brunner= alkaline. mucous secretion that neutralizes the acidity of the stomach fluid
49
What are the crypts of Lieberkuhn or intestinal glands?
found between the bill in all parts of the small intestine
50
What is the purpose of intestinal villi?
- are finger-like projections of the mucous membrane | - increase surface area and therefore increase absorption
51
What is the function of the Large Intestine?
absorb fluid and salts (electrolytes) also secrete alkaline mucus
52
What is the function of the teeth?
assist in grinding, cutting and tearing food
53
What are the 4 regions of the large intestine?
1. caecum 2. colon 3. rectum 4. anal canal
54
What is the ileocaecal valve?
a sphincter that controls the one-way passage of the contents of the small intestine into the large intestine
55
What 2 spinsters are involved in defecation?
internal and external sphincters
56
What are 5 accessory structures of the digestive system?
1. teeth 2. tongue 3. salivary glands 4. pancreas 5. liver and gallbladder
57
What is the function of the tongue?
assist in moving the food around the mouth and swallowing; also has sensory receptors involved in tasting food
58
What is deglution
swallowing
59
What is the function of the salivary glands?
discharge saliva into the mouth | serous and mucus cells
60
What is amylase?
an enzyme found in saliva that breaks down large molecules of carbs such as starch
61
What are the 5 functions of saliva?
1. lubricates food (helps in swallowing) 2. Moistens the mucosa of the mouth cavity 3. provides a watery solvent for taste 4. amylase starts the digestion of carbs 5. contains anti-microbial proteins and lysozyme
62
What are the 3 major salivary glands?
1. paired parotids (largest) 2. submandibular 3. sublingual
63
What is the function of the pancreas?
endocrine function= involves Islets of Langerhans exocrine function= involves acinar cells *secrete pancreatic juice into the small intestine
64
What are the 4 enzymes that are found in pancreatic juice?
1. proteases 2. carbohydrate- digesting 3. Lipase 4. Nucleases

Bio 204: Digestive System (1 decks)

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