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A&P test 3 > digestive system > Flashcards

digestive system Flashcards

1
Q

fxns of digestive tract (6)

A
  1. ingestion
  2. motility
  3. secretion
  4. digestion
  5. absorption
  6. elimination
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2
Q

mechanical digestion

A

physically break food

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3
Q

chemical digestion

A

break covalent bonds using enzymes

macromolecules digested to monomers

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4
Q

mucosa

  1. structure (3)
  2. fxn (3)
A
  1. epithelium, lamina propria, muscularis mucosae

2. protection, secretion, absorption

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5
Q

submucosa

  1. structure
  2. fxn
A
  1. areolar & dense irreg. CT & blood vessels

2. houses MALT, submucosal glands & submucosal plexus

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6
Q

muscularis

  1. structure
  2. fxn
A
  1. smooth muscle

2. houses myenteric plexus

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7
Q

serosa or adventita

  1. structure
  2. fxn
A
  1. serosa =peritoneum/lining of abd. wall
    adventitia= areolar CT w/ collagen & elastic fibers covers/anchors organ
  2. serous fluid for lube
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8
Q

fxn of submucosal plexus

A

controls movement of muscular is mucosae & secretions from mucosa and submucosa

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9
Q

fxn of myenteric plexus

A

controls smooth muscle contraction of muscularis—mixes & propels via peristalsis

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10
Q

segmentation

A

aka churning/mixing

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11
Q

4 major mesenteries

A

greater omentum
lesser omentum
mesentery proper
mesocolon

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12
Q

fxn of mesentery (3)

A

access route for blood vessels
anchor organs
store fat for cushioning&energy storage

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13
Q

Enteric Nervous System

  1. where?
  2. does what?
  3. Detected by?
A
  1. submucosal & myenteric plexuses
  2. short reflexes
  3. mechanoreceptors & chemoreceptors
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14
Q

Central Nervous System

  1. does what?
  2. stimuli?
A
  1. long reflexes

2. input from higher brain areas that influence enteric NS

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15
Q

serosa vs adventitia

A

serosa=peritoneum lining abd. wall

adventitia= CT covering organs

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16
Q

3 ways to regulate digestion

A
  1. enteric NS
  2. central NS
  3. hormones
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17
Q

mastication

A

aka chewing

increase surface area of food & mix w/ saliva

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18
Q

3 multicellular salivary glands

A
  1. parotid
  2. sublingual
  3. submandibular
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19
Q

4 components of saliva & fxn of each

A

salivary amylase-breakdown starch
lysozyme-kill bacteria
lingual lipase-digest triglycerides
mucus -lube

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20
Q

lingual lipase

  1. activated where?
  2. does what?
A
  1. activated in stomach

2. digestes triglycerides into monoglycerides & fatty acids

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21
Q

what controls salivation & location

A

salivary nuclei in medulla & pons

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22
Q

pharynx structure

A

epithelium & muscle

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23
Q

esophagus

A

muscular tube from sup. esophageal sphincter to inf. esophageal sphincter

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24
Q

inferior esophageal sphincter

A

end of esophagus @ opening of stomach

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25
Q

esophageal hiatus

A

opening in diaphragm where esophagus passes through

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26
Q

pyloris

A

narrow funnel at end of stomach

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27
Q

gastric epithelium

  1. structure
  2. fxn
A
  1. surface mucus cells above gastric pits

2. secrete alkaline mucus to protect stomach lining

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28
Q

cells of gastric pits & secretions (5)

A
  1. surface mucous cells-alkaline mucus
  2. mucus neck cell-add fluid w/ mucin
  3. parietal cells- intrinsic factor & hydrochloric acid
  4. chief cells- pepsinogen & gastric lipase
  5. G-cells- enteroendocrine hormones into blood not pit
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29
Q

hydrochloric acid fxns (3)

secreted by?

A
  1. HCl- kills microbes, denatures prtns, activates pepsinogen & lingual lipase
  2. parietal cells
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30
Q

intrinsic factor

secreted by?

A

needed for Vit B12 absorption

parietal cells

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31
Q

pepsinogen
secrete by?
fxn?

A

chief cells

activates pepsin to digest proteins

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32
Q

gastric lipase
secreted by?
fxn?

A

chief cells

digest fats/triglycerides

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33
Q

gastrin

  1. secreted by?
  2. secreted to where?
  3. stimulus?
  4. fxn?
A
  1. G cell
  2. blood
  3. protein in stomach
  4. .stimulates HCl secretion & inhibits gastric emptying
34
Q

2 types of gastric motility

A
  1. mixing aka churning to make chyme

2. emptying thru pyloric sphincter to duodenum

35
Q

cholecystokinin

  1. secreted by?
  2. stimulus
A
  1. duodenal enteroendocrine cells

2. amino &fatty acids in duodenum

36
Q

secretin

  1. secreted by?
  2. stimulus?
A
  1. duodenal enteroendocrine cells

2. low pH of chyme in small intestines

37
Q

hormones secreted by duodenal enteroendocrine cells

A

secretin

cholecystokinin

38
Q

intestinal reflex

  1. stimulus
  2. fxn
A
  1. acidic chyme in duodenum

2. slows gastric motility & secretion

39
Q

3 phases of gastric activity

A
  1. cephalic phase
  2. gastric phase
  3. intestinal phase
40
Q

cephalic phase

  1. controlled by?
  2. causes?
A
  1. in head–want to eat– parasymp stimulation

2. gastric gland start secreting & muscular is starts churning

41
Q

2 parts of gastric phase

A

gastric reflex

gastrin secretion

42
Q

gastric reflex stimuli (2)

A

distention of stomach

presence of proteins or increased pH

43
Q

effects of gastric reflex (2)

A

increased gastric gland secretion & motility

pH decreases causes more peristalsis

44
Q

gastrin secretion

  1. stimulus
  2. effect
A
  1. protein ins stomach

2. HCl secretion & inhibits gastric emptying

45
Q

intestinal reflex

  1. stimulus
  2. effect
A
  1. acidic chyme in duodenum

2. decrease gastric secretion & motility

46
Q

intestinal phase: hormonal effect

  1. secreted by?
  2. whats secreted?
  3. effect?
A
  1. duodenal enteroendocrine cells
  2. secretin & cholecystokinin
  3. inhibit gastric secretion & motility
47
Q

main goal of intestinal phase

A

SLOW DOWN

48
Q

hepatic triad

A

bile duct
hepatic portal vein
hepatic artery

49
Q

organization of hepatocytes

A

hepatocytes make up lobule

each lobule surrounds central vein

50
Q

oxygenated blood flow through liver

A

hepatic artery→sinusoidal caps -→central hepatic veins→inf. vena cava

51
Q

bile contains….

A

water, ions, bilirubin, cholesterol, bile salts

52
Q

uses of bile (3)

A

emulsification of fats
assist w/ absorption of fats
excrete wastes

53
Q

flow of bile from hepatocytes

A

hepatocytes →bile caniculi→bile ducts →bile ducts→R/L hepatic ducts →common hepatic duct: cystic duct to gallbladder OR hepatopancreatic sphincter to duodenum

54
Q

4 enzymes secreted by acinar cells

A
  1. pancreatic amylase
  2. pancreatic lipase
  3. nucleases
  4. pancreatic proteases
55
Q

fxn of pancreatic amylase

A

break down starch → oligosaccharides & disaccharides

56
Q

fxn of pancreatic lipase

A

break down triglycerides →monoglycerides & fatty acids

57
Q

fxn of pancreatic nucleases

A

break down nucleic acids → nucleotides

58
Q 
pancreatic proteases (3)
& fxn
A

trypsinogen, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase

breakdown proteins&oligopeptides →smaller peptides & amino acids

59
Q

what activates typsinogen

A

enteropeptidase → trypsin

60
Q

what activates chymotrypsin & carboxypeptidase

A

trypsin

61
Q

3 effects of CCK

A
  1. contraction of gallbladder to release bile
  2. relaxing hepatopancreatic sphincter
  3. stimulate acinar cells for enzyme secretion
62
Q

secretin

  1. stimulus
  2. effects (3)
A
  1. low pH of chyme in duodenum
  2. pancreatic duct cells secrete bicarbonate
    hepatocytes secrete bile
    inhibit gastric secretion & motility
63
Q

fxn of microvilli

A

brush boarder

secrete enzymes for final digestion steps

64
Q

goblet cell fxn

A

produce mucin to protect intestinal lining

65
Q

brush boarder enzymes for

  1. carbs
  2. proteins
  3. nucleotides
A
  1. maltase, lactase, sucrase, dextrinase, glucomerase
  2. peptidases
  3. nucleosidases &phosphatases
66
Q

micelles

A

small fat droplet coated in bile salts & pancreatic lipase

67
Q

absorption of fat

A

micelles →absorptive cells

bile salts stay behind & fat is absorbed and reassembled to chylomicrons that moved →lacteals

68
Q

chylomicron

A

triglyceride wrapped in a protein

69
Q

intestinal crypt

  1. structure
  2. fxn
A
  1. simple columnar epithelium dips down into lamina propria

2. enteroendocrine gland that secretes CCK & secretin

70
Q

duodenal glands

  1. structure
  2. fxn
A
  1. deep in submucosa

2. secrete alkaline mucus to buffer chyme & buffer enzymes

71
Q

what controls peristalsis & segmentation

A

pacemaker cells in myenteric plexus set constant rhythm

72
Q

2 peristaltic reflexes

& stimulus

A

gastroenteric &gastroileal reflex

stomach distention

73
Q

gastroenteric reflex fxn

A

increase peristalsis

74
Q

gastroileal reflex fxn

A

relax ileocecal valve

75
Q

4 Fxns of Large intestines

A
  1. absorb water, electrolytes, vitamins
  2. compact chyme to feces
  3. store feces
  4. eliminate feces
76
Q

structure of large intestines

A

thin walls, large diameter
no vili
lots of goblet cells for lube

77
Q

haustrum

A

sacs in lrg intestines

78
Q

teniae coli

A

smooth muscle that works like waste band to make haustra

79
Q

gastrocholic reflex

  1. stimulus
  2. effect
A
  1. stomach distention

2. mass movement–strong 15 min contractions

80
Q

defication

2 stimuli

A
  1. spinal reflex from feces in rectum b/c mass movement

2. voluntary control of pooping

A&P test 3 (3 decks)

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