Digestive System Flashcards
What is motility
Capability of the GI tract to mix and move material along its length
(Mechanical/Chemical) digestion is the cutting and grinding of food before being swallowed, and then the churning of the food by stomach and intestines
Mechanical Digestion
(Mechanical/Chemical) digestion is when the main nutrient are being split into smaller molecules by process of hydrolysis with digestive enzymes for the purpose of absorption
Chemical Digestion
Where do absorbed substances from the lumen of the GI tract pass into and circulate to cells throughout the body?
blood or lymph
Undigested substances, wastes and bacteria are some products that leave the body thorugh the process of?
Defecation
Where does the digestion of carbohydrates begin in?
Mouth
Where does the digestion of proteins and fats begin in?
Stomach
The completion of Chemical digestion of carbohydrates, proteins and fats occur where
Small intestine - due to the combined actions of pancreatic juice, bile, and intestinal juice
What is present on the plasma membrane of microvilli to help with digestion and absorption?
Brush-Border enzyme
Carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleotides are the nutrients digested where?
Intestine
A strong, peristaltic wave which begins at the middle of the transverse colon and quickly drives the contents of the colon into the rectum is called?
Mass Peristalsis
What assists with further digestion of chime entering the large intestine?
Bacterial Activity
Which vitamins are absorbed in the colon?
Vitamin B, Vitamin K
What are absorbed from the large intestines?
Ions
Chime that has had most of the water absorbed becomes?
Feces
In response to distention of the rectal wall, receptors send sensory nerve impulses to?
Sacral Spinal Cord
Motor responses are through the sympathetic/parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system?
parasympathetic
What is Defecation?
The act of fecal matter expulsion; also known as having a bowel movement
Products of protein digestion, such as ammonia; medication such as sulfa drugs or penicillin; and steroid hormones are all chemicals that are detoxified by?
Liver
The liver can convert excess glucose to?
Glycogen and Fats
Bile secreted from the liver is composed largely of the pigment named – which is a breakdown product of – cells. Excessive amounts of this pigment give a skin yellowish colour, a condition known as –.
Bilirubin, red blood, Jaundice
2 functions of bile are – of fats and – of fats. One of the breakdown products of bilirubin, namely – gives feces the normal brown colour.
Emulsification, absorption, stercobilin
What stores and concentrates bile produced by the liver until it is needed in the small intestine
Gallbladder
The gallbladder releases the bile into the duodenum through the?
Cystic duct
The 2 hormones which cause release of bile into the duodenum are?
Cholecystokinin and Secretin
Where is gastrin secreted?
Stomach
The pancreas lies – to the stomach
- posterior, anterior, medial, superior
Posterior
The pancreas is shaped like a fish, with its head in the curve of the – and its tail nudging up next to the –
Duodenum, spleen
The pancreas contains 2 kinds of glands. 99% of its cells produce – secretion. One type of these secretions is – fluid to neutralize the chyme entering the small intestine from the stomach
Exocrine, Alkaline
One enzyme in the pancreatic secretions is TRYPSIN; it digests –. Trypsin is formed initially in the inactive form (trypsinogen) and is activated by –?
proteins, enterokinase
Amylase digests – including starch
Carbohydrates
Lipase digests –
Lipids
All exocrine secretions of the pancreas empty into the accessory pancreatic duct and pancreatic duct. These empty into?
Duodenum
This portion of the peritoneum is largely responsible for carrying blood and lymph vessels to the intestines
Greater omentum
Why do emotions such as anger or fear slow digestion?
They stimulate the sympathetic nerves that supply the GI tract
How long can food stay in the fundus before being mixed with gastric juices?
30 minutes
Which of the following pancreatic enzymes acts to produce smaller peptides from proteins?
- chymotrypsin, amylase, pepsin, phosphatase, nucleosidase
Chymotrypsin
Which cells secrete pepsinogen and gastric lipase?
Chief cells
Which cell secretes mucus?
Surface mucous cell, Mucous neck cell
Which cell secretes hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor
Parietal cell
Which cell secretes the hormone gastrin?
G cell
Which accessory organs produce a fluid to soften food?
Salivary glands
This digestive aid, produced by the stomach, begins digestion by denaturing proteins
Hydrochloric acid
What is the heaviest gland of the body?
Liver
Which of the following contains skeletal muscle?
- UES, LES, Serosa, Submucosa, Periodontal ligament
UES
This layer of the GI tract is composed of areolar connective tissue that binds the mucosa to the muscularis
Submucosa
This plexus is located between the longitudinal and circular smooth muscle layers of the muscularis
Myenteric Plexus
What is the primary function of the mouth?
- ingestion, secretion, mixing and propulsion, absorption
Ingestion
What pancreatic enzyme acts to produce monosaccharides?
Amylase
This structure of the stomach allows greater distension for food storage
- cardia, fundus, pylorus, rugae, sphincter
Rugae
This layer of the GI tract is composed of areolar connective tissue containing blood and lymph vessels
Lamina propria
Which of the following is NOT a function of the liver?
- conversion of carbohydrates, protein metabolism, storage of bilirubin, phagocytosis, storage of vitamins
Storage of bilirubin - instead it processes bilirubin
What processes is the function of the smooth muscle layer of the digestive system?
Mixing and propulsion
Which small intestine cells secrete lysosome
Paneth cells
This hormone is stimulated by a high levels of dietary fat in the small intestine
Cholecystokinin
This hormone functions to counteract the effect of gastric acid in the small intestine
Secretin
How many stages of deglutition are there? What are they?
3 - oral stage, pharyngeal stage, esophageal stage
This is found on the liver and is a remnant of the umbilical cord in a fetus
Round ligament
This major duct carries a fluid rich in bicarbonate ions
Pancreatic duct
These are composed of prominent lymphatic nodules that function in the immune response
MALT
Which of the following enzymes acts to produce monoglycerides as products?
- lipase, amylase, trypsin, phosphatase, ligase
Lipase
