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Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

FUNCTIONS OF DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

A

1.Ingestion and Mastication
2. Propulsion and Mixing
3. Digestion and Secretion
4. Absorption
5. Elimination

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2
Q

Consumption of solid or liquid food
usually through the mouth. Mastication
is chewing.

A

Ingestion and
Mastication

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3
Q

chewing

A

Mastication

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4
Q

____is the movement of food form
one end of the digestive tract to the other.
____ is the movement of food back and
forth in the digestive tract.

A

Propulsion and Mixing

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5
Q

____is the movement of food form
one end of the digestive tract to the other.

A

Propulsion

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6
Q

______ is the movement of food back and
forth in the digestive tract.

A

Mixing

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7
Q

_____ is the breakdown of large
organic molecules into smaller
molecules.

A

Digestion

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8
Q

___ is the addition of
liquid, enzymes and mucus to the
ingested food.

A

Secretion

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9
Q

___occurs through
mechanical and chemical

A

Digestion

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10
Q

Movement of molecules out of the
digestive tract into the blood or lymphatic
system.

A

Absorption

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11
Q

Removal of the undigested material
such as fiber from food, and other waste
products from the body as feces

A

Elimination

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12
Q

ANATOMY OF THE DIGESTIVE SYTEM
Consist____ and _____.

A

Digestive/gastrointestinal tract
and Associated organs

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13
Q

Serous membrane that lines the Peritoneal cavity

A

PERITONEUM

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14
Q

TUNICS/LAYERS OF THE GI TRACT

A
  1. Serosa
    2.Muscularis (outer layer)
  2. Muscularis (inner layer)
  3. Submucosa
  4. Mucosa
  5. Mesentery
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15
Q

Visceral peritoneum /
adventitia

A

Serosa

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16
Q

Longitudinal smooth muscle

A

Muscularis (Outer layer)

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17
Q

Circular smooth muscle

A

Muscularis (inner)

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18
Q

Blood and lymphatic vessels and plexus

A

Submucosa

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19
Q

3 types of mucosa

A

1.Mucous epithelium
2.Lamina propria
3.Muscularis mucosae

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20
Q

the serosa on each side of the tube fuses
together to form a suspensory structure

A

Mesentery

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21
Q

General term referring to serous membranes attached to the
abdominal organs.

A

MESENTERY

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22
Q
  • Associated with small
    intestine
A

Mesentery Proper

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23
Q

connects the lesser curvature of the stomach to the liver and
diaphragm

A

Lesser Omentum

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24
Q

connects the greater curvature of the stomach to the transverse colon and posterior body wall

A

Greater Omentum

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25
Q

divided into 2 regions: (1) space between the lips or cheeks and the teeth (2) oral cavity proper which lies inside the teeth and houses the tongue

A

ORAL CAVITY

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26
Q

The ____ and ____ are important in the process of mastication.

A

Lips, cheeks

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27
Q

the teeth of an adult is called

A

Secondary/Permanent

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28
Q

childhood teeth is called

A

primary /deciduous

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29
Q

The bulk of the tooth is formed by living cellular calcified tissue called

A

Dentin

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30
Q

The dentin is covered by _____ in the crown region.

A

enamel

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31
Q

The ____ contains pulp which consist of blood vessels

A

pulp cavity

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32
Q

Each teach is held in place within
pockets in the bone called_____

A

alveoli

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33
Q

These alveoli are covered by_____

A

gingiva/ gums

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34
Q

forms the roof of the oral cavity that
separates the oral from nasal cavity

A

Palate

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35
Q

Palate consist of 2 parts:

A
  1. hard palate
  2. Soft palate
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36
Q

anterior part that contains the bone

A

Hard palate

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37
Q

_____ posterior parts and contains skeletal muscle and connective tissue. _____ is the posterior extension of the soft plate.

A

Soft palate, Uvula

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38
Q

produce saliva and regulated primarily by Autonomic
nervous system with parasympathetic stimulation.

A

Salivary Glands

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39
Q

______serous gland located just anterior to each ear.______ enter the oral cavity through the 2nd upper molar

A

Parotid glands, Parotid ducts

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40
Q

located below the mandible. Produce more serous
than mucous secretions

A

Submandibular

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41
Q

smallest gland and produce mainly mucous secretions

A

Sublingual glands

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42
Q

How many Liters of Saliva daily?

A

0.5 – 1.5 L daily

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43
Q

serous

A

Watery

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44
Q

contains mucin that is stimulated by sympathetic

A

mucous fluids

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45
Q

breaks down starch

A

Salivary amylase

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46
Q

3 main functions of Saliva:

A

(1) keeps oral cavity moist
(2) protective functions (lysozyme antibacterial enzyme, neutralizes mouth ph
(3)begins the process of digestion – 5 % of total carbohydrates.

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47
Q

_____ (chewing), in which food is crushed and mixed with saliva to form a bolus for swallowing Increases efficiency of digestion

A

Mastication

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48
Q

connects the mouth to the esophagus.

A

Pharynx

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49
Q

Pharynx Consist of three parts:

A

(1)nasopharynx
(2)oropharyn
(3)laryngopharynx

50
Q

moist stratified squamous epithelium, that extends from the pharynx to the stomach. It is approx. 25 cm long and lies anterior to the vertebrae and posterior to the trachea.

51
Q

is a muscular hollow organ which temporarily stores ingested food and continue the process of mechanical digestion.

52
Q

Made up of simple columnar epithelium. It has a ‘J’ shape, and features a lesser and greater curvature.

53
Q

Four major regions of stomach:

A
  1. cardia
  2. fundus
  3. body
  4. pylorus
54
Q

semifluid mixture of food and gastric secretions

55
Q

_____ release by the stomach ( Gastrin) and intestine help regulate the gastric secretion

56
Q

Stomach secretions_____ of the Gastric glands include four substances.

57
Q

kills microorganism and activates the enzyme, pepsin (produced by parietal cells)

A

Hydrochloric acid

58
Q

(inactive form is pepsinogen) breaks covalent bond of proteins
to from smaller peptide chains (produced by chief cells)

59
Q

lubricates the epithelial cells of the stomach wall (mucous
neck cells & surface mucous cells)

60
Q

binds with vit b12 and makes its more readily absorbed
in the small intestine (produced by parietal cells)

A

Intrinsic factor

61
Q

Stomach Regulated by:

A
  1. Nervous (CNS reflex– medulla oblongata and Local reflex – enteric plexus in
    the wall of GT)
  2. Hormonal mechanism (hormones produced by stomach and small intestine)
62
Q

3 phase of Stomach secretion

A
  1. Cephalic Phase
  2. Gastric Phase
  3. Intestinal Phase Phase
63
Q

brain phase of the stomach secretions.

A

Cephalic Phase

64
Q

produces the greatest volume of gastric secretions.
Activated by the presence of food in the stomach.

A

Gastric Phase

65
Q

inhibits gastric secretions. of food
in the stomach. It is controlled by
the entrance of acidic chyme into
the duodenum, which initiates
both neural and hormonal
mechanisms

A

Intestinal Phase Phase

66
Q

Movement in the Stomach:

A
  1. Mixing waves
  2. Peristaltic waves
67
Q

weak contractions

A

Mixing waves

68
Q

strong contractions

A

Peristaltic waves

69
Q

major function is absorption of nutrient. It is about 6 m long and consist of three parts.

A

SMALL INTESTINE

70
Q

smallest section (25 cm long)
- described as a C-shaped located
below the stomach that surrounds
the pancreas

71
Q

Receives stomach chyme,
pancreatic juice and bile from liver
and gallbladder via duodenal
ligament. (cholecystokinin and
secretin hormone)

72
Q

The____ marks the division
between the duodenum and the
jejunum

A

suspensory muscle of
duodenum

73
Q

2.5 m long that absorb sugars,
amino acids, and fatty acids.

74
Q

longest part (3.5 m long)
It absorbs any final nutrients, with major
absorptive products being vitamin B12 and
bile acids.

75
Q

small aggregates of lymphatic tissue found in the
mucosa of the ileum.

A

Peyer’s patches

76
Q

The small intestine has three
modifications that increase its
surface area about

77
Q

The mucosa and submucosa form a series of______ that run perpendicular to the long axis of the digestive tract.

A

circular folds

78
Q

Tiny, fingerlike projections of the
mucosa form numerous______, which
are 0.5–1.5 mm long

79
Q

Each villus is covered by simple columnar epithelium. numerouscytoplasmic extensions, called

A

microvilli

80
Q

Contains mainly mucus (duodenal glands and goblet cells), ion and water

A

Secretions of Small Intestine

81
Q

Most of the intestinal secretions entering the small intestine is produced by the ___________ with addition from the secretions of liver and pancreas.

A

intestinal mucosa

82
Q

4 cells in Secretions of Small Intestine:

A
  1. Absorptive cells
  2. Goblet cells
  3. Granular cells
  4. Endocrine cells
83
Q

produce digestive enzymes and absorb digested food.

A

Absorptive cells

84
Q

produce protective mucus

A

Goblet cell

85
Q

help protect intestinal epithelium from bacteria

A

Granular cells

86
Q

produce regulatory hormones

A

Endocrine cells

87
Q

The epithelial cells in the intestinal walls produce two major enzyme groups

A

(1) Peptidase- proteins to amino acids
(2) disaccharides – disaccharides to monosaccharides

88
Q

proceed along the length of the intestine for variable
distances and cause the chyme to move along the small intestine

A

Peristaltic contractions

89
Q

are propagated for only short distances and
mix intestinal contents

A

Segmental contractions

90
Q

The largest internal organ and weights about 1.36 kg.

91
Q

takes oxygen rich blood to the liver

A

Hepatic artery

92
Q

carries blood that is oxygen poor but rich in absorbed nutrients and other substances form digestive tract

A

Hepatic portal vein

93
Q

Blood exit through the hepatic vein

A

Hepatic vein

94
Q

processes nutrient and
detoxifies harmful substances form
the blood.

95
Q

The liver produce and secretes about

A

600 -1000 L of bile each day.

96
Q

complex alkaline solutions
that contain bile salts, bile
pigments (BILIRUBIN), cholesterol,
lipids, lipid soluble hormone, and
lecithin( mixture of
phospholipids).

97
Q

can remove sugar from the blood ands store it as glycogen

98
Q

can remove sugar from the blood and

99
Q

composed of both endocrine and
exocrine tissues

100
Q

pancreatic islets, or islets of Langerhans that
produce the hormone insulin and glucagon.

101
Q

composed of acinar glands. Acini cells produce
digestive enzymes that empties into the pancreatic duct.

102
Q

The exocrine secretions of the pancreas neutralize the acidic chyme that enters the small intestine from the stomach.

A

Function of pancreas

103
Q

The pancreatic enzymes are important in digesting all major classes of foods.
• The major protein digesting enzyme (PROTEOLYTIC) are (1)Trypsin (2)chymotrypsin and (3) carboxypeptidase.

A

Function of pancreas

104
Q

continue the polysaccharide digestion that began in the
oral cavity.

A

Pancreatic amylase

105
Q

(lipid digesting enzyme)

106
Q

degrade DNA and RNA into nucleotides.

107
Q

It extends from ileocecal junction to the anus

A

Large Intestines

108
Q

Absorbs water and converted into____\

109
Q

process of elimination of feces

A

Defecation

110
Q

proximal end of the
large intestines where it joins
the small intestine in the
ileocecal junction.

111
Q

Located on the right lower quadrant of the
abdomen.

112
Q

Attached to the cecum is the___

113
Q

approximately 1.5 – 1.8 m long and can be divided
into four parts: ascending,transverse, descending and
sigmoid (terminal portion).

114
Q

The mucosal lining of the colon is___

115
Q

crypts contains many mucous producing ______

A

goblet cells.

116
Q

straight muscular
tube that begins in the
termination of sigmoid colon
and anal canal.

117
Q

the last 2-3 cm of digestive tract. Begins at the inferior end of rectum and ends at the anal canal.

A

Anal Canal

118
Q

pancreas _____ and posterior to the stomach

A

Retroperitoneal

119
Q

The ______ is a large muscular organ that
occupies most of the oral cavity.

120
Q

The _______ is composed od smooth muscle and is relatively thick in the rectum compared to the rest of the digestive tract.

A

muscular tunic

Anaphy (2 decks)

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