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GI physiology > Digestive system > Flashcards

Digestive system Flashcards

1
Q

where does most of absorption takes place in the GI tract ?

A

Small Intestine (Jejunum)

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2
Q

What is the correct order for the parts of SI ?

A

Duodenum, Jejunum and ileum

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3
Q

Where in the GI tract does the common bile duct drain into?

A

Descending Duodenum

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4
Q

Which region of the GI tract does the pancreatic duct drain into?

A

Ascending Duodenum

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5
Q

How does oesophagus mechanically work?

A

Mechanically moves the food

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6
Q

How does oesophagus chemically work?

A

Chemically process and digest

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7
Q

What are the accessory organs ?

A

Teeth
Tongue
Salivary glands
Liver
Gall bladder
pancreas

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8
Q

What does the accessory organs do?

A

They’re involved in the chemical digestion of food

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9
Q

What is the innermost layer of the Gut ?

A

Mucosa

(Lamina propia, epithelium and muscularis mucosa)

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10
Q

What is the middle layer?

A

Submucosa

(blood vessels arteries, veins, lymphatics, and nerves)

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11
Q

What is the third layer called?

A

Muscularis (Peristalsis)

1) The inner muscle is the *Circular **

2) Outer muscle is longitudinal

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12
Q

What is the fourth layer?

A

Serosa

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13
Q

What is the structure called if it is present inside the intraperitoneum?

A

Serosa

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14
Q

What is the structure called if it is present inside the retroperitoneum? (Behind the peritoneum)

A

Adventitia

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15
Q

What is Intestinal Villi?

A

Finger-like projection which is ,made of cells throughout it’s length

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16
Q

What is the function of Villi?

A

It absorbs nutrition from the food and provides them to the bloodstream

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17
Q

What happens if the function of villi isn’t good enough?

A

When it doesn’t absorb the nutrients, leads to malnutrition.

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18
Q

What is Brush Border

A

increase the surface area for the food and water molecules to absorb but if there are any injuries it does not grow

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19
Q

What enzymes does at the villi?

A

Villi has an enzyme at the top of it and it breaks down Lactulose

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20
Q

Lactose

A

digest sugar molecule

Predominant in cow milk

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21
Q

What is Lactic acid?

A

Produced by the breakdown of glucose under anaerobic condition ( without oxygen)

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22
Q

What condition affect the villi and lamina propia?

A

Ceoliac disease

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23
Q

What are autonomic nervous system?

A

Parasympathetic

Sympathetic

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24
Q

What is Parasympathetics and example?

A

It stimulates the movement of peristalsis and digestion

eg it helps to enjoy the food while eating

Vagus Nerve

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25
Q

What is sympathetic and an example ?

A

Flight or fight

Inhibit digestion

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26
Q

What are the two neural plexus?

A

Myenteric plexus
Submucosal plexus

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27
Q

Submucosal plexus

A

Present in the submucosa

Closer to the Villi

Controls hormones, secretion, and digestion

could identify the pain due to Ulcer

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28
Q

Myenteric plexus

A

Present in the Longitudinal muscle layer

The myenteric nerves system informs when people are in pain due to constant diarrhoea (motility)

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29
Q

Where does salivation occur?

A

Parotid (the largest gland)

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30
Q

What is the name of the lower jaw?

A

Submandibular glands and they are a pair!

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31
Q

What does submandibular gland does ?

A

It moistens the saliva, helps the process of chewing, swallowing and digestion

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32
Q

What is sublingual gland?

A

They are the smallest gland , situated under the tongue

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33
Q

What are the enzyme present in saliva?

A

Amylase

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34
Q

What does amylase do?

A

Breakdown carbohydrate

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35
Q

What nerves are at the back of the tongue?

A

Vagus Nerve

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36
Q

Are there any receptors in the tongue?

A

Yes, ion channel receptors detect food molecules and send them to the brain to identify the flavour

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37
Q

What does the tongue produce?

A

Lipase to help digest lipids

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38
Q

Functions of Saliva

A

Protection of mouth
Infection control
Lubrication of mouth and food
Buffer
Digestion

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39
Q

Increased Salivation

A

Parasympathetic

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40
Q

Decreased Salivation

A

Sympathetic

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41
Q

Phases of Swallowing

A

The upper oesophageal sphincter is contracted letting the tongue pass through the hard palate, food bolus into the oropharynx

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42
Q

During the pharyngeal phase, what prevents the food from entering into the respiratory passageway?

A

The uvula and larynx

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43
Q

What moves the food into the oesophagus?

A

Peristalsis

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44
Q

What muscles does the oesophagus have?

A

It has both circular and longitudinal

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45
Q

How many phases of swallowing ?

A

3

Voluntary
Involuntary
Oesophageal phase

46
Q

Voluntary phase

A

When the tongue moves the bolus to the back of the throat

47
Q

Involuntary phase

A

Peristalsis push the bolus into the oesophagus

48
Q

Oesophageal phase

A

the pressure along the oesophagus during dysphagia

49
Q

What coordinates peristalsis?

A

Medulla oblangata

50
Q

What protects the food getting into the airway?

A

Glottis

51
Q

what is the mucous membrane of the esophagus called?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

52
Q

What are the 2 oesophageal sphincter

A

Lower Oesophageal sphincter

Pyloric oesophageal sphincter

53
Q

What are the layers of stomach?

A

Circular
Longitudinal
Oblique

54
Q

What enzymes are present in the stomach?

A

Pepsin

55
Q

What is the acid present in stomach

A

HCL

56
Q

How long does it take the chyme to move from the stomach?

A

3 hours

57
Q

What does stomach breaks down?

A

Proteins and lipids

protein digestion starts in the stomach

58
Q

What is produced in the stomach?

A

Gastrin

59
Q

What is the hormonal control of peristalsis?

A

Gastric Inhibitory Peptide (GIP)

60
Q

What is GIP

A

It releases insulin ( sugar will enter into the cell)

slows the peristalsis and fatty food emptying

61
Q

What is Enterogastric reflux ?

A

Reflecting back into the duodenum

62
Q

The neuron that contraction is controlled by ?

A

Myenteric plexus

63
Q

Cells that contraction is controlled by?

A

Pacemaker cells, Interstitial cells of Cajal

64
Q

What are the pit that make up the stomach?

A

Surface Mucous Cell
Mucous Neck cell
Parietal cell
Chief cell
G cell

65
Q

What does the mucous cell do?

A

Protects from HCL and enzymes

66
Q

What does the Neck cell do?

A

Protects from HCL and enzymes

67
Q

What does the parietal cell do?

A

it secretes HCL and destroys bacteria

HCL converts pepsinogen into pepsin

It also secretes intrinsic factors, it binds vit B12 to allow digestion

68
Q

What does the chief cells do?

A

Secrete pepsinogen and gastric lipase

69
Q

What does the G cell do?

A

Secrete Gastrin and control HCL

It also relaxes the pyloric sphincter

70
Q

HCL is secreted by?

A

Parietal cell

71
Q

What hormone does HCL secretion?

A

Gastrin

72
Q

In which cell does the first step of the secretion of HCL takes place ?

A

In parietal cell

73
Q

What happens in the parietal cell during the secretion of HCL?

A

Water and carbondioxide combine to form Bicarbonate

74
Q

What happens to the bicarbonate being produced ?

A

It will be transported into the blood capillaries for Cl- ions by antiporters

75
Q

Where does the Proton pump work?

A

In the gastric Lumen

76
Q

What can vomiting lead to?

A

Electrolyte imbalance, dehydration and acid-base balance

77
Q

Where is the vomiting centre ?

A

Medulla oblangata

78
Q

What is the colour of Oesophageal bleed ?

A

Fresh red blood

79
Q

What is the colour of the Bleed in stomach?

A

Brown colour vomit

80
Q

Ulcer in the small intestine?

A

Malena ( Dark starry stool)

81
Q

What is the function of SI and LI?

A

absorb all the nutrients

82
Q

Where does all the nutrients go?

A

It will be absorbed in the superior mesenteric vein and splenic vein which combined to form portal vein

83
Q

What is the function of Liver?

A
  1. Detoxification
  2. Produce bile and stored in the gall bladder
  3. glucose metabolism
  4. Blood sugar regulation by glucagon
84
Q

Bile

A

Very alkaline

85
Q

what does Bile do?

A

helps absorb fats into fatty acids

86
Q

What are the parts of pancreas?

A

Head
Body
Tail

87
Q

Which cells produce juice from the pancreas?

A

Acinar cells

88
Q

What enzymes does the Acinar cells produce?

A

Amylase
Protease
Lipase
Nuclease

89
Q

What controls Acinar cells?

A

CCK

90
Q

How bile is produced?

A

When the chyme from the stomach gets into the duodenum (too acidic) the bicarbonate in the pancreas acts as a buffer and transports through the duct and mixes with the chyme

91
Q

What are the phases of pancreatic secretion?

A

Cephalic phase
Gastric phase
Intestinal phase
Absorbed nutrient phase

92
Q

Cephalic phase

A

it starts the pancreatic secretion from the sight, smell , taste, and action of chewing through Vagus nerve reflux

93
Q

Gastric Phase

A

Digestion of the stomach increases pancreatic secretion through vagus nerve

94
Q

Intestinal phase

A

the food enters into the SI

95
Q

What hormones does the intestinal phase release ?

A

Choleocystokiinin (CCK)

96
Q

what is enteroendocrine cells?

A

when the chyme enters the duodenum causes enteroendocrine cells to release cck and secretin

97
Q

What is the function of secretin ?

A

helps the liver to make bile

98
Q

What is the function of CCK?

A

it makes the gall bladder to contract (fatty meals)

99
Q

What does the villi do?

A

increases the surface area for the better absorption

100
Q

What does the veins absorb?

A

Carbs and protein

101
Q

What does the arteries do?

A

arteries supply nutrients to breakdown hormones

102
Q

Where does the fats get absorbed in the SI?

A

Lacteal

103
Q

How does glucose get absorbed in the SI?

A

Facilitated diffusion -Hepatic portal vein -Liver

104
Q

How does protein get absorbed?

A

Amino acid directly through diffusion - Hepatic portal vein - Liver

105
Q

How does fat gets absorbed ?

A

It forms Micelle - diffusion-lacteal- thoracic duct - subclavian vein

106
Q

Function of LI

A

Absorb water molecules

107
Q

What is illeocaecal sphincter

A

This is where the content from Small intestine enters into the large intestine

but if it is not closed or if there’s a problem the bacteria can travel through this way to SI and cause an issue!

108
Q

Bacteria present in Large Intestine ?

A

E.coli

109
Q

What does E.coli produce?

A

Vitamin K

110
Q

What is Gastrocolic reflux?

A

No absorption

strong peristalsis movement which passes the food across the colon

111
Q

What is Hastrual churning ?

A

slow peristalsis movement

112
Q
A

GI physiology (1 decks)

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