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Microanatomy 2 > Digestive System > Flashcards

Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

What does the digestive system consist of

A

The digestive system comprises the oral cavity and alimentary canal, which includes the esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and several glands (salivary, liver, and pancreas).

It consists of a hollow tube (highly modified in the oral cavity) whose lumen varies in diameter and is surrounded by four layers:
1. Tunica mucosa consisting of three sublayers (epithelium, lamina propria and muscularis mucosae), 2. Tunica submucosa, 3. Tunica muscularis, and 4. Tunica serosa (CT layer covered by mesothelium) or tunica adventitia (T covering of organs present outside the body cavities).

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2
Q

What is part of the Oral cavity

A

includes the lips, palate, teeth, tongue, and salivary glands.

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3
Q

What is the epithelium of the outside of lips

A

Outside: stratified squamous keratinized epithelium with hairs and sebaceous glands;

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4
Q

What is the epithelium of the inside of lips

A

inside: stratified squamous, which may be slightly keratinized in ruminants and horse, depending upon the type of food;

lamina propria and submucosa blends (muscularis mucosa absent in the oral cavity); muscularis consists of skeletal muscle.

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5
Q

What is the epithelium of the cheek

A

like lip, except epithelium may be modified at some places to form conical papillae in ruminants.

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6
Q

What is the epithelium of the hard palate

A

Stratified squamous keratinized, which is very thick in ruminants and forms the dental pad rostrally; lamina propria blends with submucosa that covers the bony tissue.

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7
Q

What is the epithelium of the soft palate

A

Soft palate: epithelium: stratified squamous on the oral side and pseudostratified ciliated on the nasal side; lamina propria and submucosa blend and contain lymphatic tissue.

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8
Q

What is the epithelium of the tong

A

Stratified squamous with varying degrees of keratinization on the dorsal side and non-keratinized on the ventral side. The dorsal epithelium is modified to form papillae, which are classified into five types:

Filiform
Fungiform
Foliate
Circumvallate/vallate
lenticular

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9
Q

What are filiform of the tongue

A

Most numerous, sharp, highly cornified, pointed backward, lacks taste buds

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10
Q

What are fungiform of the tongue

A

Few in numbers, mushroom-shaped, interspersed among filiform papillae, may contain taste buds on the dorsal surface;

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11
Q

What are Foliate of the tongue

A

Leaf-like, present on the lateral surface, most numerous in rabbits, contain taste buds

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12
Q

What are circumvallate/vallate of the tongue

A

Least numerous, surrounded by a deep furrow in which serous Ebner’s glands open, distributed in a V pattern rostral to the sulcus terminalis, taste buds numerous on the lateral surface;

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13
Q

What are Lenticular of the tongue

A

Flat, lentil shaped, mainly found in ruminants, lacks taste buds. The lamina propria is closely attached with submucosa, and both are penetrated by skeletal muscles oriented vertically, transversally, and longitudinally and thus enabling tongue movements in all directions.

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14
Q

Species Variations of the tongue

A

lyssa (fat and muscular tissue) in carnivores, fibrous chondroid structure in horses, and lingual bone in birds.

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15
Q

Taste buds

A

bell- shaped structures consisting of taste cells, supporting cells, and nerve fibers innervating taste cells

note, only dissolved substances can be tasted

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16
Q

What are the four taste qualities

A

sweet, salt, bitter, and acid

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17
Q

What do teeth consist of

A

Consist of hard tissues (enamel, dentin, and cement) and soft tissues (pulp cavity and periodontal ligament).

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18
Q

Enamel

A

Covers the crown and is the hardest substance of the body;

Completely acellular and avascular;

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19
Q

What do enamel consist of

A

Consists of prisms synthesized by ameloblasts, which are non-regenerable and thus enamel, if damaged, cannot be replaced

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20
Q

Dentin

A

Represents the skeleton of the tooth; living and regenerable

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21
Q

What do Dentin Consist of

A

Consists of dentinal tubules and inter-tubular tissue composed of calcified matrix containing collagen fibers that are synthesized by odontoblasts lining the pulp cavity;

note, dentin is like bone except those odontoblasts are not embedded in the calcified matrix.

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22
Q

Cementum

A

Covers dentin of the root, exception: hypsodont teeth where it also covers crown (above enamel), live, consists of calcified matrix containing collagen fibers synthesized by cementocytes.

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23
Q

What does the Periodontal Ligament contain

A

Consists of dense CT, no mineral, fibers penetrate as Sharpey’s fibers into the cementum on one side and insert into bony alveolus on the other side and thus fixing the tissue in situ.

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24
Q

What does Dental pulp consist of

A

Consists of jelly-like substance containing fibers, CT cells, blood vessels, and nerve fibers; lined by odontoblasts.

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25
Q

Types of teeth among animal species

A

Brachydont
Hypsodont

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26
Q

What are Brachydont teeth

A

Simple, short crown but long root, crown covered by enamel and root by cementum

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27
Q

Examples of brachydont Teeth

A

Examples include all teeth in man, carnivores, and swine (except canine tooth in swine, which is hypsodont), and incisors in ruminants.

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28
Q

What are Hypsodont teeth

A

Complex, long crown but short root, cement covers the root as well as the crown (outside the enamel), examples include all teeth in the horse and rodents, molars in ruminants. Development of teeth will be discussed in embryology.

29
Q

What are the Layers of the Esophagus

A

Muscosa
Muscularis mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis
Serosa/adventitia

The wall has all layers, but their structure differs among species.

30
Q

Mucosa layer of the Esophagus epithelium

A

Stratified squamous non-keratinized in man and dog; however, stratified squamous keratinized in all other domestic species.

31
Q

Muscularis mucosa of the esophagus

A

incomplete layer throughout in the horse and ruminants;

absent in the upper part and forms a thick layer in the lower part in the dog and pig.

32
Q

Submucosa of the esophagus

A

May contain mucous glands, which are limited to a short cranial segment in the horse, cat, and ruminants; cranial half only in the pig; throughout in the dog.

33
Q

Muscularis of the esophagus

A

Skeletal throughout in the dog and ruminants;

skeletal in the first two-third and then transition to smooth distally in the pig; skeletal in the cranial part, combined in the middle part, and smooth in the distal par in man, horse, and cat

34
Q

Serosa/Adventitia of the esophagus

A

Serosal covering in the thoracic part and adventitial in the cervical part.

35
Q

3 Types of stomachs

A

Simple
Compound Monogastric
Compound Poly-gastric

36
Q

Simple stomach

A

Monogastric, lined with glandular mucosa only (man and carnivores)

37
Q

Compound Monogastric

A

A small beginning part is lined by cutaneous epithelium and the rest with glandular mucosa (horse and pig)

38
Q

Compound Polygastric

A

Consists of non-glandular (rumen, reticulum, and omasum) and glandular (abomasums) parts (ruminants).

39
Q

What is the main functions of a simple stomach

A

main functions are to:
1.Continue the digestion of carbohydrate that started in the oral cavity,

  1. add acidic fluid to the food,
  2. transform the food into a viscous mass (chyme),
  3. promote the initial digestion of proteins with enzymes pepsin,
  4. and secrete hormones.
40
Q

What are the 3 regions of the simple stomach

A

Grossly consists of three regions: cardia, fundus, and pylorus

41
Q

What are Rugae

A

The mucosa and submucosa of the un-distended stomach form folds called rugae

42
Q

Simple stomach: Tunica Mucosa

A

Epithelium is simple columnar composed of mucus-producing cells (note, not goblet cells

43
Q

What are gastric Pits

A

Epithelium dips to form gastric pits into which empty gastric glands (cardiac, fundic and pyloric) that occupy the entire lamina propria.

44
Q

Simple stomach: Muscularis Mucosa

A

Muscularis mucosa consists of a few strands of smooth muscle cells

45
Q

Simple stomach: T submucosa

A

Contains CT cells, blood vessels, nerves, and parasympathetic ganglia

46
Q

Simple stomach: What are the 3 layers of T muscularis

A

inner oblique, middle circular, and outer longitudinal;

47
Q

Simple Stomach: T serosa

A

T serosa has a thin layer of CT covered by mesothelium (simple squamous epithelium).

48
Q

What are Fundic Glands

A

predominant gastric gland occupying the entire fundus and body regions of the stomach

49
Q

What are the 3 regions of fundic glands

A

Consists of an isthmus, neck, and base

50
Q

What are the Fundic gland cells composed of

A

Stem Cells
Mucous neck cells
Parietal Cells
Chief Cells
Argentaffin Cells

51
Q

Where can the fundic gland stem cells be found

A

Found in the isthmus and neck regions, continuously divide, and replace the aging cells of the gastric epithelium, including those of glands.

52
Q

Where can the Mucous neck cells be found

A

found in the neck region of glands, like the mucous surface epithelial cells but have fewer mucin droplets.

53
Q

What the Parietal Cells (oxyntic)

A

large, eosinophilic, triangular, concentrated in the upper half of fundic gland, characterized by many mitochondria

54
Q

What are intracellular canaliculi

A

Located in Parietal cells and are deep invaginations of apical cell membrane

55
Q

What do parietal cells contain

A

Contain carbonic anhydrase enzyme that breaks down H2CO3 into H and HCO3; H and Cl combine to form HCL that is secreted into the lumen

56
Q

How do Parietal cells stimulate HCL production

A

Both gastrin and parasympathetic stimulation stimulate HCL production.

57
Q

Where are Chief cells

A

Predominate in the lower half of the fundic glands

58
Q

What do Chief cells contain

A

Contain basophilic cytoplasm in the basal region and zymogen granules in the apical region

59
Q

What is the principal secretion of chief cells

A

Principal secretion is pepsinogen, which is converted into pepsin after being released into the acidic environment.

60
Q

What are Argentaffin Cells

A

Diffuse endocrine cells, also referred to as APUD cells (amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation cells), less numerous, located in the bases of gastric glands, include more than a dozen of different types of cells, each secreting only one hormone

61
Q

Where are Cardiac Glands Localized

A

Localized usually in a narrow zone around and near the esophageal opening into the stomach

62
Q

Where are the Cardiac glands localized in the pig

A

They occupy half of the stomach in the pig

63
Q

Cardiac Gland Cell types

A

Cell types are predominantly mucous, occasionally parietal

64
Q

What are Cardiac Gland Cell function

A

Function is mucus production that protects the esophageal lining from gastric HCL.

65
Q

Pyloric Gland where are they

A

Distributed in the pyloric region, which occupies almost half of the stomach in the dog and cat, one-third in the horse, and one-third of the abomasums in ruminants

66
Q

Cells of the Pyloric Glands

A

Cells are only mucous (note endocrine cells are present throughout the stomach and intestine);

gastric pits are deeper, and glands are more branched and coiled

67
Q

Pyloric Gland Function

A

function is to produce mucus.

68
Q

Protective Mechanism of the Stomach

A

mucous coat covering the surface epithelium;

marked regeneration ability of the surface and glandular epithelium;

tight junctions between epithelial cells;

stratum compactum layer (thick CT under the lamina propria) in carnivores to prevent penetration of sharp objects;

vomitus.

Microanatomy 2 (6 decks)

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