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nutr 3210 > digestive system > Flashcards

digestive system Flashcards

1
Q

what are the four basic digestive systems of mammals and birds?

A
  1. simple system without caecum
  2. simple system with functional caecum
  3. ruminant system
  4. avian system
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2
Q

what are the main parts of the gi tract?

A
  • mouth
  • esophagus
  • stomach
  • small intestine
  • large intestine
  • caecum
  • rectum
  • anus
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3
Q

what is solubility?

A

ability of CHOs to dissolve in water

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4
Q

what is digestibility of CHOs?

A

the host organism has the enzymes necessary to digest CHOs

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5
Q

what is fermentability?

A

gut bacteria have the enzymes necessary to break down CHOs

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6
Q

what are the key features of a simple system without caecum?

A
  • monogastric
  • non functional caecum
  • suited for a nutrient dense, low fibre diet
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7
Q

what is the function of the oral cavity?

A
  • mechanical digestion via chewing
  • chemical digestion via alpha amylase and lingual lipase which break down starch
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8
Q

what is the function of the stomach?

A
  • turn bolus into chyme via gastric juice which contains water, electrolytes, HCl, and enzymes
  • pH of 2
  • some mechanical digestion
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9
Q

what is the function of the small intestine?

A
  • main site for nutrient digestion and absorption via pancreatic juice and bile acids
  • intestinal motility
  • neutralize chyme acidity with pancreatic juice
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10
Q

what is the function of the large intestine?

A
  • site of fermentation
  • production of short chain fatty acids/volatile fatty acids
  • water absorption
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11
Q

what is the importance of bacteria in the gut?

A

they ferment nondigestible CHOs, mostly through anaerobic fermentation

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12
Q

what are the key features of a simple system with a functional caecum?

A
  • pseudo ruminant
  • hindgut fermenter
  • functional caecum
  • suited for a diet with large amounts of fodder and foraging
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13
Q

what is the difference between hindgut and foregut fermenters?

A
  • foregut: fermentation happens in the stomach and small intestine
  • hindgut: fermentation happens after the small intestine
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14
Q

what is the purpose of a functional caecum?

A
  • large hindgut filled with bacteria
  • short chain fatty acids provide most energy needs for host
  • produces vitamins
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15
Q

what is coprophagy?

A

when animals eat their feces, may be a sign of nutrient/energy deficiency, young animals do it to colonize their guts with bacteria as well

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16
Q

what are the key features of a ruminant system?

A
  • large stomach divided into 4 regions: reticulum, rumen, omasum, abomasum
  • highly suited for animals that eat a high quantity of fodder and forage
  • foregut fermenters
  • nutrients produced by bacteria then become available for digestion and absorption
  • different in cows vs horses due to different lifestyle
17
Q

what is the reticulum?

A
  • honey comb appearance to capture nutrients and trap foreign materials
  • rich in bacteria (fermentation vat)
18
Q

what is the rumen?

A
  • largest part of ruminant stomach
  • rich in bacteria
  • rumen papillae for increased surface area for absorption
  • food is mixed, partially broken down, and temporarily stored
  • most energy produced here as short chain fatty acids
19
Q

what is the omasum?

A
  • resorption of water and some electrolytes
  • filters large particles
20
Q

what is the abomasum?

A
  • digestive enzymes secreted from gastric glands
  • the true stomach, similar to that of monogastric animals
21
Q

what are the pros and cons of a ruminant system?

A
  • pros: vitamin synthesis, non protein nitrogen used for making protein
  • cons: CHOs degraded into gases and lost through eructation (loss of energy), heat production
22
Q

what are the key features of the avian digestive system?

A
  • beaks and claws are important for breaking up food into small pieces that birds can swallow
  • rapid digestion
23
Q

what is the crop?

A
  • enlarged part of esophagus
  • temporary food storage
  • softens food that can be regurgitated to feed offspring
24
Q

what is the two chamber stomach?

A
  • proventriculus: glandular portion, gastric enzymes and HCl are secreted
  • gizzard: muscular portion, grinds and digests tough food
25
Q

what are the ceca in birds?

A

minor sites of bacterial fermentation

26
Q

does the small intestine of birds function similarly to that in other systems?

A

yes

27
Q

what is the large intestine in birds?

A
  • very short, connects small intestine and cloaca
  • some storage of undigested material
  • water absorption
28
Q

what is the cloaca?

A

where digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems meet

29
Q

what is digestibility?

A
  • measure of the fraction of a specific nutrient that is extracted by the GI tract
  • calculated from amount of nutrient in diet and amount in feces
  • combination of nutrient release from the food matrix, microbial fermentation, and absorption
  • prevents deficiency and ensures essential nutrients are available to the organism
30
Q

what is the total collection method?

A
  • allows animal to adapt to a new diet then measures intake and analyzes nutrients of interest
  • results in apparent digestibility coefficient
  • has flaws/limitations
31
Q

how do you calculate apparent digestibility coefficient using the total collection method?

A

ADC = (total intake - total feces)/total intake

x 100

32
Q

what is the indicator method?

A
  • requires a marker which can be internal (natural component of feed) or external (component added to feed)
  • animal adapts to diet, feed and fecal samples collected, each sample analyzed for marker and nutrient of interest
  • results in ADC
33
Q

what are the characteristics of a marker?

A
  • non absorbable
  • must not affect or be affected by GIT
  • must mix easily with food
  • easily and accurately measured in samples
34
Q

how do you calculate ADC using the indicator method?

A

ADC = (A - B)/A

x 100

A = intake/intake marker
B = excretion/excretion marker

35
Q

what is the difference between apparent and true digestibility?

A

apparent digestibility underestimates true digestibility

36
Q

what method is used to get true digestibility?

A

test diet is used and then the animal switches to a diet that has none of the nutrient of interest (zero nutrient diet), then feces are analyzed after test diet is cleared and the level of nutrient in feces from the zero nutrient diet is subtracted from the test diet

37
Q

how do you calculate the true digestibility coefficient?

A

TDC = (A - (B - C))/A

x 100

A = test diet intake/test diet intake marker
B = test diet excretion/test diet excretion marker
C = zero nutrient excretion/zero nutrient excretion marker

38
Q

what are some factors that affect digestibility?

A
  • feed intake
  • particle size
  • chemical composition
  • climate
  • age

nutr 3210 (5 decks)

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