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A.S Digestive system > digestive system > Flashcards

digestive system Flashcards

1
Q

Define Feedstuff

A

An ingredient in the total feed.

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2
Q

Define Byproduct

A

Something that came from the original product.

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3
Q

Silage

A

Not a wet forage. The whole plant is used. 40-60% moisture. Half energy/Half forage

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4
Q

Protein Supplement

A

20% protein. Quality matters (Amino acids, and digestibility).
- Legumes (like a bean. In alfalfa) – high in protein – they have root nodules that harbor special soil microbes.

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5
Q

What are the three types of digestion?

A

Mechanical, chemical, microbial.

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6
Q

What does mechanical digestion do?

A

(Physical breakdown of food) begins in your mouth with chewing, then moves to churning in the stomach and segmentation in the small intestine.

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7
Q

What does chemical digestion do?

A

(involves chemicals or enzymes to break down. occurs in the small intestine. Digested chyme from the stomach passes through the pylorus and into the duodenum.

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8
Q

What is microbial digestion?

A

(Requires the presence of microbes to break down food for absorption) occurs in the digestive organs that follow the small intestine: the large intestine and cecum.

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9
Q

Fermentation

A
  • Fermentation – Microbial Digestion (These microbes digest or ferment feed within the rumen and make volatile fatty acids).
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10
Q

Monogastric Digestion

A

digestive system is composed of a single stomach. Human, horse, swine, fowl, dog, and rabbit-like animals.

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11
Q

Foregut Fermenters

A

A digestive process in which plant materials are fermented in a specialized combination of stomach compartments together called the reticulorumen. In ruminants, the fermented cud of the reticulorumen is regurgitated and chewed again to further break down the plant material, a process called rumination. After rumination, the food is finally digested in other stomach compartments, the omasum, and abomasum (true stomach). Ex: Bovine, Sheep, deer, Giraffe

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12
Q

Hindgut Fermentation

A

A digestive process seen in mono-gastric herbivores, animals with a simple, single-chambered stomach. Ex: Equine, Rhinos, Rabbits.

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13
Q

• Digestion begins with mechanical digestion via the process of ___________.

A

“Mastication.”

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14
Q

• Amylase -

A

This enzyme helps break down starches into sugar, which your body can use for energy.

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15
Q

• The pancreas secretes ____,____,____.

A

amylase, protease, and lipase.

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16
Q

 After the stomach digesta moves to the small intestine, the S.I. has the 3 parts:

A

Duodenum, Jejunum, and Ileum.

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17
Q

Define the duodenum

A
  • The Duodenum – Chemical digestion occurs. These chemicals (enzymes) are produced by the pancreas and the liver. The pancreas secretes Amylase (starch), protease (protein), and lipase (lipids (fats)). The liver produces “bile” to break down fats. Can be stored in the gallbladder.
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18
Q

The Jejunum

A
  • The Jejunum – The longest part of the S.I. and functions for nutrient absorption.
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19
Q
  • The Ileum
A
  • The Ileum- The last (and shortest) part of the S.I. and functions to absorb additional nutrients and excess water. The walls of the jejunum and ilium are covered in tiny “Villi” to increase surface area.
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20
Q

What two things function for microbial digestion?

A

 The cecum and large intestine function for microbial digestion (fiber digestion).

21
Q

Name the 4 chambers of the ruminant stomach.

A
  • Rumen – (Microbial fermentation)
  • Reticulum – (Microbial fermentation)
  • Omasum
  • Abomasum – (Gastric stomach)
22
Q
  1. Feed is swallowed and moves through the esophagus to the rumen, the first and largest chamber. The function of the rumen is microbial digestion (fermentation). They absorb fatty acids. Papillae – function: to increase the surface area. In the rumen, we need more surface area for the microbes.
A
23
Q
  1. After the rumen, the feed moves to the “reticulum,” the most cranial chamber. The reticulum’s function is microbial digestion (fermentation). Nutrient absorption. Has a honeycomb-like structure. Regurgitation. Larger feed particles may be regurgitated or further mechanical digestion in the mouth.
A
24
Q

Once swallowed a second time, the feed enters the omasum. The function of the omasum is water absorption. The tissue folds and looks like book pages. Villi (absorb nutrients from the liquid mixture called chyme produced in the stomach from the food we eat).

A
25
Q
  1. Finally, the feed enters the abomasum, the final chamber. The function of the abomasum is “protein digestion.” This is the true stomach. Glandular (secretes) tissue folds.
A
26
Q

 Post-gastric Fermenters

A

Horses, Zebras, donkeys, tapirs, rhinos, and rabbits.
- Microbial fermentation happens after the gastric stomach.
- Horses do not have a gallbladder
- Cecum (microbial digestion occurs)
- Peristalsis (moves the digesta through the rectum).

27
Q

Carbohydrates:

A
  • Immediate short-lived energy source
  • Animals obtain carbohydrates from plants
  • Primary energy source, needed for growth.
  • Plant-based
  • Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen
  • Classification of carbohydrates: Simple sugars, starch, and fibers
28
Q

• Mono – 1 carbohydrate
• Di – 2 carbohydrate
• Oli – few carbohydrates
• Poly – many carbohydrates

A
29
Q
  • Carbohydrates are simple sugars
A
30
Q

 Carbohydrate: Starch (Alpha Bond) – Requires a pancreatic enzyme for digestion.

A
31
Q
  • Amylase = Enzyme – Break starch bonds – digestion
A
32
Q
  • Starches are digested by mammals using the pancreatic enzyme amylase.
A
33
Q

 3. Fats/Lipids

A
  • Purpose: Energy source, long-lasting. Improves the taste. Fatty acids.
  • All fats consist of a glycerol group and 3 fatty acid chains.
  • Essential fatty acids (omega-6 and omega-3). The body cannot make them, you have to introduce them.
  • Examples of saturated fats = Peanut butter, and butter
  • Examples of unsaturated fats = Oil (liquids)
  • Protein: Required for growth/repair
  • Provides essential amino acids
  • Proteins are the building blocks of life.
  • 3 functions of protein – Build muscle, help the immune system, and structural protein.
  • There are 22 amino acids, and 10 are essential in mammals (11 in cats).
34
Q
  1. Vitamins -
A
  • Organic compounds (organic = carbon-based)
  • Vitamins are a macronutrient required for cellular functions.
  • Fat-soluble vitamins require fat to be absorbed
  • A – Vision, skin
  • D – Bone and tooth
  • E – Red blood cells
  • K – Blood clotting
  • Water soluble vitamins are absorbed – Vitamin C and B-complex
35
Q
  1. Minerals –
A
  • Inorganic – found naturally on Earth.
  • Macronutrients = Needed in a more significant amount
  • Micronutrients = Smaller amount
36
Q
  1. Beef A. South east US
  2. Dairy B. All over US
  3. Eggs C. Middle US
  4. Broilers D. Midwest & North Carolina
  5. Pork E. Northeast, Upper midwest, California
A
  1. C
  2. E
  3. B
  4. A
  5. D
37
Q

Define a Byproduct

A

Something you can make multiple products from. Ex: Cow can be used for beef, leather, bone meal, gelatin.

38
Q

list 3 ways the animal agricultural industry is becoming more efficient in production.

A

Technology
vaccines
hormones

39
Q

Describe two reasons why manure management is a concern for animal agriculture.

A

Manure runoff
leaches into water
sheds causing
nutrient pollution &
algal blooms in
lakes, oceans.

40
Q

What is the function of fats?

A

Long lasting energy

41
Q

Which nutrient is composed of amino acids?

A

Protein

42
Q

Which carbohydrates requires microbial enzymes for digestion?

A

Fiber

43
Q

Which of the following lists the 3 parts of the small intestines in order of feed digestion?

A

Duodenum, Jejunum, and Ileum

44
Q

Which nutrient is digested in the gastric stomach?

A

Proteins

45
Q

Which nutrient has alpha bonds?

A

Starch

46
Q

Example of Monogastric

A

Human

47
Q

Example of Post-gastric

A

Horse

48
Q

Name the digestive enzymes produced by the pancreas.

A

Protease
Amylase
Lipase

49
Q

The abomasum produces hydrochloric acid and digestive enzymes, such as pepsin (breaks down proteins), and receives digestive enzymes secreted from the pancreas, such as pancreatic lipase (breaks down fats). These secretions help prepare proteins for absorption in the intestines.

A

A.S Digestive system (1 decks)

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