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digestive system Flashcards

1
Q

The digestive or gastrointestinal system performs four main functions:

A

ingestion
digestion
•absorption
•elimination

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2
Q

Ingestion

A

food material taken into mouth

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3
Q

Digestion

A

food is broken down, mechanically and chemically, as it travels through the gastrointestinal tract.

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4
Q

Digestive enzymes aid the breakdown of complex nutrients.

A
  • Proteins → amino acids
  • Sugars → glucose
  • Fats → fatty acids or triglycerides
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5
Q

Absorption

A

Digested food passes into the bloodstream through lining cells of the small intestine.
•Nutrients travel to all cells of the body.
•Cells burn nutrients to release the energy stored in food.

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6
Q

Elimination

A
  • The body eliminates solid waste materials that cannot be absorbed into bloodstream.
  • The large intestine concentrates feces.
  • The wastes pass out of the body through the anus.
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7
Q

Organs of the Digestive System

A

The gastrointestinal tract begins with the oral cavity.

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8
Q

Besides producing bile, the liver:

A
  • Helps maintain normal blood glucose levels •Manufactures blood proteins necessary for clotting •Releases bilirubin, a pigment in bile
  • Removes toxins and poisons from the blood
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9
Q

What happens if bilirubin cannot leave the body and remains in the bloodstream?

A

Hyperbilirubinemia

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10
Q

Function of the pancreas

A

Endocrine function: insulin in bloodstream cell

Exocrine function: enzymes in duodenum for digestion

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11
Q

Which term is the first part of the large intestine?

A

Cecum

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12
Q

Which term means swallowing?

A

Deglutition

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13
Q

absorption

A

Passage of materials through the walls of the small intestine into the bloodstream

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14
Q

amino acids

A

Small building blocks of proteins; released when proteins are digested

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15
Q

amylase

A

Enzyme secreted by the pancreas and salivary glands to digest starch

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16
Q

anus

A

Terminal end or opening of the digestive tract to the outside of body

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17
Q

appendix

A

Blind pouch hanging from the cecum

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18
Q

bile

A

Digestive juice made in the liver and stored in the gallbladder; breaks up large fat globules; composed of bile pigments, cholesterol, and bile salts

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19
Q

bilirubin

A

Pigment released by the liver in bile

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20
Q

bowel

A

Intestine

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21
Q

canine teeth

A

Pointed, dog-like teeth next to the incisors; also called cuspids or eyeteeth

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22
Q

cecum

A

First part of the large intestine

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23
Q

colon

A

Consists of the ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid segments

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24
Q

common bile duct

A

Carries bile from the liver and gallbladder to the duodenum; also called the choledochus

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25
Q

defecation

A

Elimination of feces from the digestive tract through the anus

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26
Q

deglutition

A

Swallowing

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27
Q

dentin

A

Primary material found in teeth; covered by the enamel in the crown and a protective layer of cementum in the root

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28
Q

duodenum

A

First part of the small intestine; measures 12 inches long

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29
Q

elimination

A

Act of removal of materials from the body

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30
Q

emulsification

A

Physical process of breaking up large fat globules into smaller globules

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31
Q

enamel

A

Hard, outermost layer of a tooth

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32
Q

enzyme

A

Chemical that speeds up reactions between substances; enzyme names end in –ase

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33
Q

esophagus

A

Tube connecting the throat to the stomach

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34
Q

fatty acids

A

Substances produced when fats are digested; a category of lipids

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35
Q

feces

A

Solid wastes; stool

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36
Q

gallbladder

A

Small sac under the liver; stores bile

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37
Q

glucose

A

Simple sugar

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38
Q

glycogen

A

Starch; glucose is stored in the form of glycogen in liver cells

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39
Q

hydrochloric acid

A

Substance produced in the stomach; necessary for digestion of food

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40
Q

ileum

A

Third part of the small intestine

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41
Q

incisor

A

One of four front teeth in the dental arch

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42
Q

insulin

A

Hormone produced by endocrine cells of the pancreas; transports sugar from the blood into cells and stimulates glycogen formation by the liver

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43
Q

jejunum

A

Second part of the small intestine

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44
Q

lipase

A

Pancreatic enzyme needed to digest fats

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45
Q

liver

A

Large organ located in the RUQ of the abdomen; secretes bile; stores sugar, iron, and vitamins; produces blood proteins; destroys worn-out RBCs; filters out toxins; normal adult liver weighs about 2 ½ to 3 pounds

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46
Q

lower esophageal sphincter (LES)

A

Ring of muscles between the esophagus and stomach; cardiac sphincter

47
Q

mastication

48
Q

molar teeth

A

Sixth, seventh, and eighth teeth from the middle on either side of the dental arch

49
Q

palate

A

Roof of the mouth

50
Q

pancreas

A

Organ behind the stomach; produces insulin and enzymes

51
Q

papillae (singular: papilla)

A

Small, projections on the tongue

52
Q

parotid gland

A

Salivary gland within the cheek, just anterior to the ear

53
Q

peristalsis

A

Rhythmic contractions of the tubular organs

54
Q

pharynx

A

Throat, the common passageway for food from the mouth and for air from the nose

55
Q

portal vein

A

Large vein bringing blood to the liver from the intestines

56
Q

protease

A

Enzyme that digests protein

57
Q

pulp

A

Soft tissue within a tooth, containing nerves and blood vessels

58
Q

pyloric sphincter

A

Ring of muscle at the end of the stomach, near the duodenum; opens when a wave of peristalsis passes over it

59
Q

pylorus

A

Distal region of the stomach, opening to the duodenum

60
Q

rectum

A

Last section of the large intestine, connecting the end of the colon and the anus

61
Q

rugae

A

Ridges on the hard palate and the wall of the stomach

62
Q

saliva

A

Digestive juice produced by salivary glands; contains the enzyme amylase

63
Q

salivary glands

A

Parotid, sublingual, and submandibular glands

64
Q

sigmoid colon

A

Fourth and last, S-shaped segment of the colon, just before the rectum; empties into the rectum

65
Q

stomach

A

Muscular organ that receives food from the esophagus

66
Q

triglycerides

A

Fat molecules composed of three parts fatty acids and one part glycerol; subgroup of lipids

67
Q

uvula

A

Soft tissue hanging from the middle of the soft palate

68
Q

villi (singular: villus)

A

Microscopic projections in the wall of the small intestine that absorb nutrients into the bloodstream

69
Q

Which term means inflammation of the lip?

70
Q

Anorexia

A

lack of appetite

71
Q

Ascites

A

abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdomen

72
Q

Borborygmi

A

rumbling or gurgling noises produced by the movement of gas, fluid, or both in the GI tract

73
Q

Constipation

A

difficulty in passing stools

74
Q

Diarrhea

A

frequent passage of loose, watery stool

75
Q

Dysphagia

A

difficulty in swallowing

76
Q

Eructation

A

gas expelled from the stomach through the mouth

77
Q

Flatus

A

gas expelled through the anus

78
Q

Hematochezia

A

passage of fresh, bright red blood from the rectum

79
Q

Jaundice (icterus)

A

yellow-orange coloration of the skin and whites of the eyes caused by high levels of bilirubin in the blood

80
Q

Melena

A

black, tarry stools; feces containing digested blood

81
Q

Nausea

A

unpleasant sensation in the stomach with a tendency to vomit

82
Q

Steatorrhea

A

fat in the feces; frothy, foul-smelling fecal matter

83
Q

Aphthous stomatitis

A

inflammation of the mouth with small, painful ulcers

84
Q

Dental caries

A

tooth decay

85
Q

Herpetic stomatitis

A

inflammation of the mouth by infection with the herpes virus

86
Q

Oral leukoplakia

A

white plaques or patches

87
Q

Periodontal disease

A

inflammation and degeneration of the gums, teeth and surrounding bone

88
Q

Achalasia

A

failure of the lower esophagus sphincter (LES) muscle to relax

89
Q

Esophageal cancer

A

malignant tumor of the esophagus

90
Q

Gastric carcinoma

A

malignant tumor of the stomach

91
Q

Esophageal varices

A

swollen, varicose veins at the lower end of the esophagus

92
Q

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

A

solids and fluids return to the mouth from the stomach

93
Q

Peptic ulcer

A

open sore or lesion of the mucous membrane of the stomach or duodenum

94
Q

Hernia

A

protrusion of an organ or part through the muscle normally containing it

95
Q

Anal fistula

A

abnormal tube-like passageway near the anus

96
Q

Colonic polyposis

A

polyps protrude from the mucous membrane of the colon

97
Q

Colorectal cancer

A

adenocarcinoma of the colon or rectum or both

98
Q

Crohn disease

A

chronic inflammation of the intestinal tract

99
Q

Diverticulosis

A

abnormal side pockets (outpouchings) in the intestinal wall

100
Q

Dysentery

A

painful, inflamed intestines

101
Q

Hemorrhoids

A

swollen, twisted, varicose veins in the rectal region

102
Q

Ileus

A

failure of peristalsis with resulting obstruction of the intestines

103
Q

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) –

A

inflammation of the colon and small intestine

104
Q

Intussusception

A

telescoping of the intestines

105
Q

IBS

A

irritable bowel syndrome – group of gastrointestinal symptoms associated with stress and tension

106
Q

Ulcerative colitis

A

chronic inflammation of the colon with the presence of ulcers

107
Q

Volvulus

A

twisting of the intestines on itself

108
Q

Cirrhosis

A

chronic degenerative disease of the liver

109
Q

Hepatocellular carcinomaq (HCC)

A

liver cancer

110
Q

Pancreatic cancer

A

malignant tumor of the pancreas

111
Q

Pancreatitis

A

inflammation of the pancreas

112
Q

Viral hepatitis

A

inflammation of the liver caused by a virus

113
Q

Cholelithiasis

A

gallstones in the gallbladder

the digestive system (3 decks)

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