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NST 103 - Nutrient Function & Metabolism > Digestive Physiology > Flashcards

Digestive Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Name the compartments of the GI tract and the accessory organs.

A

GI Tract: oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine

Accessory organs: salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas

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2
Q

Name the functions of the stomach.

A
  1. Store food ƒ
  2. Secrete acid, pepsinogen & mucus ƒ
  3. Initiate digestion of proteins ƒ
  4. Kill bacteria ƒ
  5. Absorb ethanol, some drugs & other small water-soluble compounds ƒ
  6. Form chyme (food + secretions)
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3
Q

Place in order, the sections of the small intestine.

A
  1. Duodenum
  2. Jejenum
  3. Ileum
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4
Q

What are the functions of the GI Tract?

A
  1. Motility
  2. Digestion
  3. Absorption
  4. Secretion
  5. Storage and Elimination
  6. Barrier
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5
Q

Name the salivary glands.

A
  1. Parotid glands
  2. Submandibular glands
  3. Sublingual gland
  4. Glands in the oral cavity
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6
Q

What is the function of Saliva?

A
  1. Water moistens the food
  2. Glycoproteins in saliva prevent abrasion
  3. Antimicrobial agents reduce the risk of infection
  4. Salivary amylase starts the initial digestion of starch
  5. Antimicrobial agents reduce risk of infection
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7
Q

Name the antimicrobial agents mentioned in lecture.

A
  1. Lysozyme
  2. Antibodies
  3. Lactoferrin
  4. Thiocyanate Ion (SCN-)
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8
Q

What are the Modes of Action of the Salivary Antimicrobial Agents?

A
  • Lysozyme - causes cell death via lysis of microbial cell membranes
  • Antibodies - Causes death by inducing immune responsive cells to engulf and destroy microbes
  • Lactoferrin - Creates an iron deficient milieu by binding to ferric ion (Fe-)
  • Thiocyanate ion (SCN-) - Damages cellular proteins when SCN- is converted via lactoperoxidase to hypothiocyanite (OSCN-) which can react with -SH groups
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9
Q

Name the parts of the stomach.

A
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10
Q

What are the functions of the stomach?

A
  1. Store food
  2. Secrete acid, pepsinogen & mucus
  3. Initiate digestion of proteins
  4. Kill bacteria
  5. Absorb ethanol, some drugs & other small water-soluble compounds
  6. Form chyme (food + secretions)
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11
Q
A
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12
Q

Name the Gastric Cells and their Products.

A
  • Chief Cells – Pepsinogen & Gastric Lipase
  • D-Cells – Somatostatin
  • Enterochromaffin-like Cells (ECL) – Histamine & Serotonin
  • G-Cells – Gastrin
  • Goblet – Mucin
  • Parietal Cells – HCL & Intrinsic Factor
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13
Q

Describe in detail what Pepsinogen & Pepsin are?

A
  • Pepsinogen: A Zymogen secreted by Chief Cells
    • MW: 42.3 kDA
    • Undergoes a reaction with HCL in stomach to turn into active form (Pepsin)
  • Pepsin: A Proteolytic enzyme
    • MW: 35 kDa
    • pH Optimum: 1.8 - 3.5
    • uniquely able to degrade collagen
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14
Q

What are some antimicrobial agents of saliva?

A
  • Lysozyme - Lactoferrin - Antibodies - Thiocyanate Ion
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15
Q

How does Lactoferrin function as a microbial agent in saliva?

A
  • Creates an iron deficient milieu by binding to ferric ion (Fe^+3)
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16
Q

What is Thiocyanate Ion’s mode of function as an antimicrobial agent in saliva?

A
  • Damages cellular proteins when SCN- is converted via lactoperoxidase to hypothiocyanite (OSCN-) which can react with -SH groups
17
Q

What is a Lysozyme’s mode of action as an antimicrobial agent in saliva?

A
  • Causes death via lysis of microbial cell membranes
18
Q

How do Antibodies function to serve as an antimicrobial agent in saliva?

A
  • Causes death by inducing immune responsive cells to engulf and destroy microbes
19
Q

What are the components to the stomach?

A
  • Fundus - Body (Corpus) - Antrum - Pyloric Sphincter - Pylorus
20
Q

What are the functions of the stomach?

A
  • Storage of food - Secrete acid, pepsinogen and mucus - Initiate digestion of proteins ƒ - Kill bacteria ƒ - Absorb ethanol, some drugs & other small water-soluble compounds ƒ - Form chyme (food + secretions)
21
Q

Name the Gastric Cells

A
  • Parietal Cell - Goblet Cell - G-Cell - Enterochromaffin-like (ECL) Cell - Chief Cell - D-Cell
22
Q

What are the products of Chief Cells?

A
  • Pepsinogen - Gastric Lipase
23
Q

What are the products of Enterochromaffin-like (ECL) Cells?

A
  • Histamine - Serotonin
24
Q

What is the product of D-Cells?

A
  • Somatostatin
25
Q

What are the products of G-Cells?

A
  • Gastrin
26
Q

What are the products of Goblet Cells?

A
  • Mucin
27
Q

What are the products of Parietal Cells?

A
  • Hydrochloric Acid - Intrinsic Factor
28
Q

What is the zymogen of pepsin?

A
  • Pepsinogen
29
Q

How does the zymogen, Pepsinogen, become activated to Pepsin?

A
  • Hydrochloric acid creates an acidic environment, which allows pepsinogen to unfold and cleave itself in an autocatalytic fashion, thereby generating pepsin (the active form).
30
Q

What is the function, optimal pH, and attribute of pepsin?

A
  • Function: Proteolytic Enzyme - begins protein catabolism by hydrolysis of the peptide bonds that link amino acids together in the polypeptide chain forming the protein. - pH Optimum: 1.8-3.5 - Attribute: Uniquely able to degrade collagen
31
Q

What are some stimulants of HCl production?

A
  • Gastrin - Histamine - Nerve Input (acetylcholine) - Stomach Distension
32
Q

How does Gastrin made by G-Cells stimulate Parietal Cells to secrete HCl?

A
  • G-cells produce Gastrin –> Binds to CCK2 Receptor on ECL Cell –> Initiates synthesis and secretion of Histamine –> Binds to Histamine H2 Receptor on Parietal Cell –> Initiates H+/K+ -ATPase, pumping out H+ ions into lumen –> Dissociated Cl- reacts with free H+ ions to form HCl
33
Q

How is Histamine synthesized in ECL Cells?

A
  • Histidine (an EAA) undergoes a decarboxylation reaction via Histidine Decarboxylase and Pyridoxal Phosphate (Vit. B6) to form Histamine + CO2. *Pyridoxal Phosphate is an essential vitamin which serves as a coenzyme to HDC, and helps with the decarboxylation reaction
34
Q

What inhibits the CCK2 Receptor on ECL Cells?

A
  • Cimetidine (Tagament)
35
Q

What inhibits the H+/K+ ATPase proton pump on Parietal Cells?

A
  • Omeprazol, a proton pump inhibitor (Prilosec)

NST 103 - Nutrient Function & Metabolism (1 decks)

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