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MT Histology Quiz 3 > Digestive Glands and Endocrine System > Flashcards

Digestive Glands and Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

2 types of salivary glands are?

A

accessory and main/major salivary glands

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2
Q

4 types of accessory salivary glands are?

A

labial, lingual, buccal, palatine

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3
Q

3 types of main salivary glands are?

A

parotid, submandibular, sublingual (3 pairs of glands)

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4
Q

saliva contains water, some ___, ___, salts and some enzymes, e.g. ___ which splits starch, and ___ (IgA)

A

protein, mucin, Ptyalin, immunoglobulin

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5
Q

general structure of major salivary glands

A

compound tubulo-alveolar, exocrine glands

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6
Q

stroma and parenchyma make up the basic structure of ___ salivary glands

A

major

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7
Q

fibrous framework containing the supplying vessels and nerves is?

A

stroma

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8
Q

3 parts of the stroma are?

A

capsule, trabeculae, reticular fibers

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9
Q

capsule of stroma composed of ___ CT

A

dense

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10
Q

what divides the (salivary) gland into lobes and lobules?

A

trabeculae

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11
Q

what supports the parenchymal components of the salivary glands?

A

reticular fibers

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12
Q

cellular component of salivary glands is?

A

parenchyme

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13
Q

3 types of acini are?

A

serous, mucous, mixed

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14
Q

acini are ___ units

A

secretory

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15
Q

which type of acini are rounded in cross-section with narrow lumen? cells are pyramidal with rounded nuclei and granular cytoplasm. secrete a watery albuminous secretion.

A

serous acini

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16
Q

which type of acini are larger oval structures with wider lumina than serous acini? cells have flat peripheral nuclei and vacuolated cytoplasm. secrete mucus.

A

mucous acini

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17
Q

which type of acini are mucous acini with a group of serous cells in the form of a demilune?

A

mixed acini

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18
Q

serous ___ overlie the acinar cells under cover of basement membrane. the secretion of the serous cells reach lumen of acinus via ___ ___ b/t mucous cells.

A

demilunes; intercellular canaliculi

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19
Q

parenchyma composed of ___ and ___

A

acini; ducts

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20
Q

the secretion of acini is collected by a system of __

A

ducts

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21
Q

4 types of ducts are?

A

intralobular; interlobular; interlobar; main

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22
Q

lying inside lobules and b/t acini. start as narrow ducts draining acini called intercalated ducts lined with simple squamous cells. these unite to form larger ducts called secretory striated ducts lined by simple cuboidal epithelium.

A

intralobular ducts

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23
Q

lying in CT trabeculae b/t lobules and result from union of several striated ducts. wider and lined with simple columnar epithelium.

A

interlobular ducts

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24
Q

larger ducts running b/t lobes and result from union of several interlobular ducts. lined with pseudo stratified epithelium.

A

interlobar ducts

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25
Q

result from union of several interlobar ducts. open into oral cavity and are lined with stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium.

A

main ducts

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26
Q

branching cells found in relation to acini and ducts. more numerous in association with mucous and mixed acini than with serous acini. help squeeze secretions out of acini and propagation along the ducts

A

myoepithelial/basket cells

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27
Q

has thick capsule and trabeculae containing many fat cells. acini are 100% serous and intercalated ducts are long.

A

parotid gland

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28
Q

has thick capsule and trabeculae with many fat cells, but less than parotid. acini are 80% serous and 20% mucous and mixed. intercalated ducts are short.

A

submandibular gland

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29
Q

has thin capsule and trabeculae. most of its acini (99%) are mucous and mixed, serous acini are rare (1%). intercalated ducts are practically absent.

A

sublingual gland

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30
Q

pancreas has an ___ and ___ portion

A

exocrine; endocrine

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31
Q

a compound tubuloalveolar gland, as well as a mixed exo-endocrine gland

A

pancreas

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32
Q

secretes pancreatic juice containing digestive enzymes. similar in structure to salivary glands. capsule and trabeculae are very thin. the pancreatic acini are 100% serous.

A

exocrine portion of the pancreas

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33
Q

re: exocrine portion of pancreas

the ___ ducts start from within the acini and appear lining their lumina as ___-___ cells. those ducts are narrow and lined with simple ___ cells. they are equivalent to intercalated ducts of salivary glands. there are no ___ ducts in the pancreas. ___ ducts are lined with cuboidal to short columnar cells. ___ ducts are lined with tall simple columnar cells. the ___ ___ duct opening into the duodenum is lined by simple columnar with some goblet cells.

A

intralobular; centro-acinar; squamous; striated; interlobular; interlobar; main pancreatic

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34
Q

appears as round to oval pale staining areas within darkly stained acini. these areas are called Islets of Langerhans

A

endocrine portion of the pancreas

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35
Q

re: endocrine portion of pancreas

cells of the ___ are arranged in irregular branching cords separated by blood capillaries and supported by reticular fibers. by special staining, various types of cells could be identified. what are these 4 types of cells?

A

Islets; A (alpha); B (beta); “C” cells; “D” cells

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36
Q

glucagon acts to ___ blood glucose level

A

elevate

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37
Q

large cells with granular cytoplasm and form about 20% of Islet cells. secrete glucagon hormone which acts to elevate blood glucose level.

A

“A”/ Alpha cells

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38
Q

small cells with granular cytoplasm forming about 75% of Islet cells. secrete hormone insulin which acts to reduce blood glucose level

A

“B”/ Beta cells

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39
Q

few cells with few or no granules in cytoplasm. some believe it may be a reserve cell for “A” and “B” cells.

A

“C” cells

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40
Q

few cells with cytoplasmic granules which secrete a hormone called somatostatin. this is produced locally and is said to cause inhibition of surrounding endocrine cells.

A

“D” cells

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41
Q

which hormone is produced locally and causes inhibition of surrounding endocrine cells?

A

somatostatin

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42
Q

considered as a compound tubular gland. also a mixed exo-endocrine gland, in which both types of secretions are produced by same type of cells, in contrast to pancreas. exocrine secretion is bile and endocrine secretions include plasma proteins, fibrinogen, and prothrombin.

A

liver

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43
Q

being an abdominal organ, the liver is generally covered by ___. in the inferior surface there is a ___ ___ called porta hepatis, through which pass the ___ vein, the ___ artery, and the R and L ___ ducts (___ ducts).

A

peritoneum; transverse fissure; portal; hepatic; hepatic; bile

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44
Q

the liver is covered by a capsule of CT under its visceral peritoneum called ___ capsule. the capsule thickens at the ___ ___ and around the vessels in this region.

A

Glisson’s; porta hepatis; trabeculae; hepatic; hepatic; central; absent; lobulation

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45
Q

running inside various trabeculae are the branches and tributaries of ___ vein, ___ artery, and ___ duct and an occasional ___ vessel. the first 3 vessels are in constant association with each other and constitute the ___ ___.

A

portal; hepatic; bile; lymphatic; portal triad; portal areas; largest; thickest; simple; cuboidal; columnar; sublobular; hepatic

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46
Q

the parenchyma of hepatic lobules is made up of which 4 structures? they are all supported by networks of ___ fibers

A

central venules; liver cells/hepatocytes; bile canaliculi; hepatic sinusoids; reticular

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47
Q

venules located at or near the center of each hepatic lobule. drain all hepatic sinusoids of the lobule

A

central venules

48
Q

under LM, appear arranged as branching cords radiating from central venule and separated by hepatic sinusoids.

A

liver cells/hepatocytes

49
Q

re: liver cells

cells appear ___ and some may be ___. cytoplasm present all types of organelles and contain ___ as the main cellular inclusion.

in a 3-dimensional reconstruction, liver cells appear to be arranged as ___ branching plates made of at least ___ rows of cells. the plates are separated by hepatic ___ and the cells in the plates present fine channels running b/t them called ___ ___.

A

polyhedral; binucleated; glycogen; curved; 2; sinusoids; bile canaliculi

50
Q

venous sinusoids running b/t plates of liver cells. lined with endothelial cells and branching phagocytic cells called Von Kupffer’s cells.

A

hepatic sinusoids

51
Q

fine channels b/t adjacent liver cells where their cell membranes recede from each other. cells are attached by cellular junctions.

A

bile canaliculi

52
Q

the canaliculi are the sites where bile secreted by liver cells is ___. at the periphery of the lobule, the bile of the canaliculi is transported to the small ___ ducts of adjacent portal areas by short thin-walled ducts lined by simple ___ epithelium called ___ ___.

A

discharged; bile; squamous; Herring’s ductules

53
Q

liver receives blood from ___ artery and ___ vein at porta hepatis. branches of these vessels run in the portal areas until they reach the outer boundary of the hepatic ___ where they pour their blood into the hepatic ___. sinusoids then drain into ___ ___, which in turn drain into ___ veins.

sublobular veins unite to form larger veins that ultimately form the ___ veins which exit the liver to drain into the ___ ___ ___.

A

hepatic; portal; lobules; sinusoids; central venules; sublobular; hepatic; inferior vena cava

54
Q

a muscular sac which concentrates and stores bile, what is it? its wall is made up from within outward by which 3 structures?

A

gall bladder; mucosa; musculosa; adventitia

55
Q

mucous membrane layer is highly folded and has a surface layer made up of simple columnar epithelium. the epithelium rests on a CT lamina propria which contain mucous secreting glands at the neck of the gall bladder. which layer is this?

A

mucosa of gallbladder

56
Q

muscle layer is made up of smooth muscle that runs mostly circular or oblique. which layer is this?

A

musculosa of GB

57
Q

outer fibrous layer containing vessels and nerves. it has a peritoneal covering over certain parts. which layer is this?

A

adventitia

58
Q

serous membrane lining abdominal walls (parietal layer) and investing partially or completely some abdominal organs (visceral layer). what is this called?

A

peritoneum

59
Q

peritoneum is made up of a surface layer of simple ___ epithelium called the ___, and an underlying layer of ___ ___ which attaches the mesothelium to ___ walls and ___ surfaces of abdominal organs.

A

squamous; mesothelium; connective tissue; abdominal; outer

60
Q

endocrine system includes all endocrine tissue in which secretions are discharged directly into ___.

A

blood

61
Q

endocrine system occurs in which 2 forms?

A

unorganized and organized endocrine tissue

62
Q

this tissue occurs as cells or groups of cells forming part of some organs. what is it?

A

unorganized endocrine tissue

63
Q

5 examples of unorganized endocrine tissue are?

A

Islets of Langerhans; interstitial cells of testis; corpus luteum of ovary; endocrine cells of GIT (enterochromaffin); endocrine cells of placenta

64
Q

this tissue is in the form of organs called endocrine glands. which tissue is it?

A

organized endocrine tissue

65
Q

5 examples of organized endocrine tissue are?

A

pituitary; thyroid; parathyroid; suprarenal; pineal body

66
Q

the thyroid gland is located in the neck over the ___ and upper part of the ___. it is made up of 2 lobes connected by an ___.

A

larynx; trachea; isthmus

67
Q

larynx; trachea; isthmus

A

stroma; parenchyma

68
Q

re: thyroid gland

the CT framework containing the supplying vessels and nerves is?

A

stroma

69
Q

the pineal gland is known as the ___ ___. it was found that the gland contains ___ compounds, namely, ___ (the sleep hormone) which is made up from the neurotransmitter ___. it has been suggested that the pineal has some influence over ___ development. pineal tumors in children appear to delay ___. melatonin bleaches ___ from their pigment, an effect opposite to ___ ___ hormone

A

biological clock; 2; melatonin; serotonin; gonadal; puberty; melanophores; melanocyte stimulating

70
Q

cells of pineal body are separated by ___ capillaries

A

fenestrated

71
Q

acting as supporting elements (pineal)

A

neuroglia

72
Q

irregular processes that terminate in bulbous endings (pineal)

A

pinealocytes

73
Q

what divides the stroma of pineal body into lobules?

A

trabeculae

74
Q

stroma of pineal body made up of which 2 components?

A

capsule and trabeculae

75
Q

parenchyma of pineal body made up of which 2 types of cells?

A

pinealocytes & neuroglia cells

76
Q

stroma of pineal body consists of a ___ framework containing supplying ___ and ___.

A

fibrous; vessels; nerves

77
Q

pineal body consists of which 2 components?

A

stroma and parenchyma

78
Q

pineal body also known as?

A

epiphysis cerebri

79
Q

this is a cone-shaped body attached to the roof of the 3rd ventricle and is covered by pia mater.

A

pineal body

80
Q

this hormone has an antidiuretic effect with reduction of urine production by increasing re-absorption of fluids at kidney tubules. it also causes vasoconstriction and elevation of blood pressure. its deficiency causes diabetes insipidus. (pituitary)

A

vasopressin/antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

81
Q

this hormone stimulates the smooth muscles of the uterus and the myoepithelial cells of the mammary glands (stimulates milk ejection). (pituitary)

A

oxytocin

82
Q

what are the 2 hormones of the neurohypophysis?

A

oxytocin & vasopressin/antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

83
Q

sites where hormones are discharged (pituitary)

A

blood capillaries

84
Q

are actually modified neuroglia cells that support the nervous elements. (pituitary)

A

pituicytes

85
Q

these are rounded acidophilic structures characteristic to neurohypophysis. they represent the dilated bulbous endings of the fibers of the hypothalamic hypophyseal tract. (pituitary)

A

Herring’s bodies

86
Q

non-myelinated nerve fibers extending from 2 nerve cell ___ of the ___ and ending in neurohypophysis. these fibers arise from the ___-___ and ___ nuclei, and constitute what is known as the ___ ___ tract.

the neurosecretions from nerve cells of the above nuclei migrate along the fibers of the tract and fill up ___ endings at the terminations of these fibers. (pituitary)

A

nuclei; hypothalamus; supra-optic; paraventricular; hypothalamic hypophyseal

bulbous

87
Q

the 4 parts of the neurohypophysis have the same structure which is made up of? (pituitary)

A

non-myelinated nerve fibers; Herring’s bodies; pituicytes; blood capillaries

88
Q

appears as a narrow portion behind the residual lumen which separates it from pars distal is. cells are arranged in cords or form cysts filled with colloid. the cells are of 2 types, which are?

function in man is not definitely known. in animals, one hormone is known to be secreted called ___ ___ hormone (pituitary)

A

pars intermedia

basophilic and clear cells

melanocyte stimulating (MSH)

89
Q

the cells are arranged in cords or circular groups filled with colloid-like material. many blood vessels separate the cell groups from each other. the function is not yet known. (pituitary)

A

pars tuberalis

90
Q

constitute 50% of cells. occur in groups and are small with clear cytoplasm. they are considered to be inactive forms of alpha and beta cells. (pituitary)

A

chromophobe or C cells

91
Q

promotes secretion of cortical hormones of suprarenal gland (pituitary)

A

ACTH

92
Q

activates ovulation and promotes development of corpus luteum. in males the hormone activates interstitial cells of the testes to secrete testosterone and is called interstitial cell stimulating hormone (ICSH) (pituitary)

A

LH

93
Q

stimulates the growth of ovarian follicles. in males it stimulates formation of spermatozoa. (pituitary)

A

FSH

94
Q

stimulates thyroid secretion (pituitary)

A

TSH

95
Q

these cells constitute 15% of the cells of pars distalis. they are large cells with eccentric nuclei and basophilic cytoplasmic granules. beta cells secrete which 4 hormones? (pituitary)

A

basophil or beta cells

thyrotrophic or thyroid-stimulating hormone
follicle-stimulating hormone
luteinizing hormone
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

96
Q

this hormone promotes milk secretion in lactating females (pituitary)

A

prolactin

97
Q

these cells constitute 35% of the cells of pars distalis. they are moderate in size with central nuclei and acidophilic cytoplasmic granules. these cells are known to secrete 2 hormones, which are they? (pituitary)

A

acidophil cells (alpha cells)

growth hormone or somatotrophic hormone (STH)
prolactin or luteotrophic hormone (LTH)

98
Q

these constitute 50% of the cells of the pars distal is. they have a great affinity to stain and their cytoplasm present stainable granules. according to type of granules, the cells are divided into which 2 types?

A

chromophil cells

acidophil; basophil

99
Q

also known as pars anterior, separated by a residual lumen from pars intermedia. what is this section called? cells of this part are arranged in cords separated by capillary sinusoids. these cells are divided into 2 types, based on affinity to stain. what are these 2 types? (pituitary)

A

pars distalis

chromophil; chromophobe

100
Q

2 types of parenchyma cells of parathyroid glands are?

A

principal/chief cells & oxyphil cells

101
Q

small round cells forming most of the parenchyma (of parathyroid)

A

principal/chief cells

102
Q

2 types of principal cells are? (parathyroid)

A

dark chief and light chief cells

103
Q

small cells with granular cytoplasm. secrete the hormone of the parathyroid known as parathormone. promotes bone resorption and liberation of calcium from bones, thus tending to elevate the calcium level of blood. (parathyroid)

A

dark chief cells

104
Q

a little larger than dark cells and have clear non-granular cytoplasm. they are believed to represent an inactive form of dark chief cells. (parathyroid)

A

light chief cells

105
Q

large round cells with acidophilic cytoplasm and small dark nuclei. few, but their number tends to increase with age. their function is not known, but it is suggested that they may represent a degenerative form of chief cells. (parathyroid)

A

oxyphil cells

106
Q

loss of weight, high BP, above normal temp., tachycardia, increased resp. rate, perspiration, nervousness, exophthalmos are all symptoms of what?

A

hyperthyroidism

107
Q

in adults leads to a condition known as Myxedema. in children it leads to Cretinism. symptoms include: increase in body weight, bradycardia, decreased resp. rate, below normal temp., lethargy, enlargement of thyroid gland (endemic goiter) are all symptoms of what?

A

hypothyroidism

108
Q

hypocalcemic tetany and carpopedal spasm symptoms of?

A

hypoparathyroidism

109
Q

hypercalcemia, muscular hypotonia, weakness are symptoms of?

A

hyperparathyroidism

110
Q

there are 2 of these glands, one in relation of the superior pole of each kidney

A

suprarenal glands

111
Q

suprarenal glands have an outer zone called ___ and inner zone called ___

A

cortex; medulla

112
Q

parenchyma of cortex of suprarenal glands consists of which 3 zones?

A

zona glomerulosa; zona fasciculata; zona reticularis

113
Q

a thin zone under the capsule, made up of arcades or oval groups of cells. the cells are columnar with vacuolated cytoplasm. the groups of cells are separated by blood capillaries.

A

zona glomerulosa

114
Q

the cells of the zone glomerulosa secrete the mineralocorticoids, e.g. aldosterone. what do these hormones do?

A

control water and electrolyte balance through its influence on kidney tubules

115
Q

the widest zone of the cortex. made up of long cords of cells separated by capillary sinusoids

A

zona fasciculata

116
Q

cells of zona fasciculata secrete a group of hormones called glucocorticoids, e.g. cortisol that do what?

A

control carbohydrate and protein metabolism

117
Q

zone b/t zona fasciculata and medulla. cells are arranged in a network of interconnecting cords separated by small blood vessels and capillaries.

A

zona reticularis

MT Histology Quiz 3 (1 decks)

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