digestive diseases Flashcards
explain the etiology, clinical signs, diagnosis, and treatment of gingivitis
etiology:
-inflammation of gingiva (+/- tartar on teeth)
clinical signs:
-discolored teeth w/tartar accumulation
-halitosis (bad breath)
-reluctance to eat
-pawing at mouth
-secondary effects: white nasal discharge, increased salivation, facial swelling, lost teeth
diagnosis:
-oral exam
-inflammation & reddening of gums
-brown tartar on teeth
treatment:
-removal of tartar
-dental scaling
-chlorohexidine mouthwash (equine, small animal)
-tooth extraction if needed
-ATBs
prognosis good with treatment
explain the etiology, clinical signs, diagnosis, and treatment of overgrown teeth
etiology:
-incisors in rodents, rabbits, horses grow continuously
-overgrown incisors, mouth sores, decrease ability to eat
Clinical signs:
-drooling
-dropping food
-reluctance to eat hard food
-anorexia
-poor performance
-undigested feed in stool
-avoidance, aggression
Diagnosis:
-oral exam
treatment:
-trim teeth
-filing/floating teeth (equine)
-extraction of teeth if needed
-ATBs for inflamed gingiva if needed
good prognosis
explain the etiology, clinical signs, diagnosis, and treatment of GER
etiology:
-malfunction of lower esophageal sphincter=backflow of stomach acid=lesions
Clinical signs:
-anorexia
-dysphagia
-excessive salivation
-regurgitation
-signs of respiratory disease in cats
Diagnosis:
-endoscopy for presence of lesion
treatment:
-diet change to decrease acidity of stomach content
-sucralfate/omeprazole to heal mucosa and decrease acid production
good prognosis with treatment
explain the etiology, clinical signs, diagnosis, and treatment of choke
etiology:
-feed impaction in esophagus (partial or total)
Clinical signs:
-difficulty swallowing
-excessive salivation
-stretching of neck
-feed discharge from nostrils
-anxiety/panic
Diagnosis:
-palpation of throat
-clinical signs
treatment:
-muscle relaxants
-lavage w/ water through nasogastric tube
-NSAIDS to decrease inflammation
guarded prognosis
explain the etiology, clinical signs, diagnosis, and treatment of acute gastritis
etiology:
-changes in diet
-food allergens
-vomiting
- infection
-toxins
Ingestion of foreign objects
-hairballs in cats
Clinical signs:
-lethargy
-anorexia
-drooling
-acute vomiting
-dehydration
-pain in abdomen after palpation
Diagnosis:
-PE
-CBC and serum chemistry
-C&S
-endoscopy
-radiology
treatment:
restrict food for 24-36 hrs
-SQ or IV fluids for dehydration
-bland diet
-anti-nausea and vomiting medications (cerenia)
-ATBs if infection present
-surgical removal of foreign object
good prognosis with treatment
explain the etiology, clinical signs, diagnosis, and treatment of gastric ulcers
etiology:
-ulceration-type lesions (grade 1-4)
-causes: long-term NSAID use, stress
Clinical signs:
-anemia
-anorexia
-abdominal pain
-back pain
-septicemia (bacterial blood infection)
Diagnosis:
-endoscopy
-clinical signs/history
treatment:
-fluid therapy
-oral antiacids
-omeprazole: prevents acid secretion and increases stomach pH
-sucralfate: protects ulcer from stomach acid
-alfalfa hay (high in calcium)
good prognosis with treatment
explain the etiology, clinical signs, diagnosis, and treatment of GDV
etiology:
-delayed gastric emptying, pyloric obstruction, aerophagia, engorgement= distension of stomach with air
Clinical signs:
-weakness
-collapse
-depression
-nausea
-abdominal pain and distension
-pale mucous membranes
-rapid HR and RR
Diagnosis:
-PE: CRT > 2 seconds
-radiograph
-ECG (secondary cardiac arrhythmia)
treatment:
-decompress stomach to stabilize patient
-trocarization: surgical procedure that releases air in stomach
-surgical removal of necrotic gastric tissue/spleen, attach stomach to abdominal wall
guarded prognosis; hereditary disease
explain the etiology, clinical signs, diagnosis, and treatment of bloat
etiology:
-accumulation of gas in rumen from indigestion
-caused by high grain diets and inability to eructate/belch
Clinical signs:
-abdominal distension and pain
-anxiety
-respiratory distress
Diagnosis:
-clinical signs
-abdominal palpation
treatment:
-orogastric tube to relieve stress
-trocarization of rumen
-rumenotomy
guarded prognosis; avoid high concentrate diets
explain the etiology, clinical signs, diagnosis, and treatment of colic
etiology:
-abdominal pain
-causes: gastric ulcers, moldy/sour feed, dehydration, excess gas, high starch diet, parasites, etc.
Clinical signs:
-pawing
-sweating
-rolling
-restlessness
-stretching
-lethargy
-decreased bowel movement
Diagnosis:
-clinical signs
-history of feed changes made quickly
-auscultation of abdomen (increase or decrease in gut sounds)
-rectal exam (no feces)
treatment:
-nasogastric tube to remove gas, reflux, or ingesta
-Banamine IV (NSAID)
-walking to increase gut motility and keep horse from rolling
-fluid therapy
-laxatives
guarded prognosis; prevent with gastroguard, deworming, and low starch and concentrate diet
explain the etiology, clinical signs, diagnosis, and treatment of rumen acidosis
etiology:
-ingestion of high fermentable, carb-rich feed=increase production and accumulation of acid in rumen
Clinical signs:
-lethargy
-high RR and HR
-diarrhea
-fever
-weight loss
-decrease feed intake
Diagnosis:
-diet history
-sample rumen fluid for low pH (high acidity)
treatment:
-rumen probiotics
-sodium bicarbonate supplement in diet
good prognosis if caught early
explain the etiology, clinical signs, diagnosis, and treatment of diarrheal diseases
etiology:
-osmotic: decreased digestion/absorption=increase in osmotic solute load in bowel
-secretory: hypersecretion of ions
-exudation: increased permeability w/ loss of plasma proteins
-dysmotility: abnormal motility (muscle contractions)
Clinical signs:
-watery diarrhea (possible blood in stool)
-foul smell=parvovirus
-black, tarry= intestinal bleeding
-pale yellow=malabsorption of fats
-dehydration, vomiting, weight loss, poor hair coat, fever
-abdominal distension/pain
Diagnosis:
-fecal smear
-fecal C&S
-SNAP test for parvo
-necropsy in livestock
treatment:
-ATBs for bacterial infection
-fluid therapy
-antiprotozoal medications
good prognosis
explain the etiology, clinical signs, diagnosis, and treatment of intestinal stasis (rabbits)
etiology:
-lack of intestinal motility caused by hairball obstruction or diet high in simple carbs
Clinical signs:
-anorexia
-dehydration
-decrease bowel movement
-chewing on non-food sources
-lethargy
-death
Diagnosis:
-PE
-dietary history
-radiograph
treatment:
-fluid therapy
-fresh leafy greens in diet
-medications to increase gut motility
-analgesia (pain meds)
guarded prognosis
explain the etiology, clinical signs, diagnosis, and treatment of IBD
etiology:
-colonic inflammation=damage to mucosal lining of large bowel= decrease absorption of Na and H20= increase motility and defecation
Clinical signs:
-diarrhea
-increase defecation
Diagnosis:
-CBC and serum chemistry
-fecal floatation/smear
-radiograph
-histopathology of bowel
treatment:
-sucralfate to protect GI lining
-oral ABTs for possible secondary bacterial infection
guarded prognosis; lifelong treatment
explain the etiology, clinical signs, diagnosis, and treatment of megacolon
etiology:
-defect in neurostimulation that promotes bowel movement and emptying
Clinical signs:
-straining to defecate
-vomiting
-weakness
-dehydration
-anorexia
-small, hard feces w/ or w/o blood and mucus
Diagnosis:
-PE
-radiograph
treatment:
-lactulose (soften stool)
-enemas
-surgery to remove impacted feces
guarded prognosis; reoccurance common
explain the etiology, clinical signs, diagnosis, and treatment of hepatic lipidosis (fatty liver disease)
etiology:
-changes in diet, stress, illness
-increase in fat in the liver
Clinical signs:
-liver failure
-anorexia
-obesity w/ rapid weight loss
-icterus/jaundice
-hepatomegaly (enlarged liver)
Diagnosis:
-history of prolonged anorexia
-serum chemistry: increase ALP, ALT and bile acids=liver damage
-radiograph: hepatomegaly, decrease gastric motility
treatment:
-correct husbandry (diet, environment)
