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Bio > Digestive And Nervous System Test > Flashcards

Digestive And Nervous System Test Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

4 steps of digestion

A
  1. Ingestion
  2. Digestion
  3. Absorption
  4. Elimination
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2
Q

Mouth Anatomy (7)

A
  1. Incisors
  2. Premolar (Bicuspid)
  3. Tounge
  4. Uvula
  5. Canine (cuspid)
  6. Molars
  7. Tonsil
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3
Q

Mechanical Digestion

A

Mastication, peristalsis, segmentation - in the intestines.

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4
Q

How many salivary glands and their names. +

A
  1. Parotid
  2. Sublingual
  3. Submandibular
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5
Q

Saliva contains what? And what reaction does this undergo?

A

Saliva contains amylase an enzyme that breaks down starch into sugars. (Chemical reaction: hydrolysis-water breaking macromols into monomers.)

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6
Q

Epiglottis is…

A

A flap of cartilage that filps when swallowing to close off lungs and open stomach passageway.

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7
Q

Bolus

A

A masticated ball of food at the moment of swallowing.

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8
Q

Perastalisis

A

Muscular contractions that push food down.

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9
Q

The bolus exits the esophagus and enters the stomch through…

A

A muscular valve called the sphincter.

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10
Q

The stomach contains… that helps is chemical digestion.

A

HCL (hydrochloric acid) and pepsin (enzyme)

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11
Q
  1. HCL…
  2. Pepsin…
A
  1. HCL breaks down proteins into smaller molecules.
  2. Pepsin breaks down proteins into amino acids [CHEMICAL DIGESTION]
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12
Q

Food after stommach digestion is called?

A

Chyme

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13
Q

Mucus coating protects the lining of the stomach from…

A

Gastric acid

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14
Q

Ulcer? Cause?

A

A hole located in the wall of the stomach or small intestine. Caused by bacteria.

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15
Q

Growling

A

Empty stomach + peristatic contractions.

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16
Q

Acid reflux (heart burn)

A

Gastric juices reflux into the esophagus and burn its lining.

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17
Q

Vomiting (reverse peristalsis)

A

Medulla oblonga says to barf.

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18
Q

Absorption: Small intestines

A

(SI) Diameter of 7 meters
Absorbes nutients like (carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, and minerals) are absorbed into the circulatory system.

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19
Q

Duodenum

A

First 25cm (secretion of liver and pancreas)

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20
Q

Jejunum:

A

Middle 2.5m

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21
Q

Ileum:

A

4m (end)

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22
Q

Villi and micro villi

A

Finger like projections linging the inside of the small intestine. Micro villiamaller fingers on the villi.

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23
Q

Anal sphincter

A

Regulates passageway of feces from large intestine to rectum.

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24
Q

Liver

A

Produces bile: bile breaks down fat into fat droplets (emulsification)

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25
Q

Gullbladder

A

Bile stored in gullbladder. Bile is released into the duodenum of the small intestines.

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26
Q

Pancreas

A

Releases pancrotic amylase (breaks down starches into sugar) and pancreotic acid that chemically breakes down chyme.

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27
Q

Cornea

A

Clear outer part of the eye. Helps focus infont of the eye.

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28
Q

Aqueous humor

A

Thin watery fluid fills the space between the cornea and the theiris. Nourshes the cornea ans the lens. Gives the front of the eyes its form and shape.

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29
Q

Iris / pupil

A

Iris: regulates the amount of light entering the eye.
Pupil: size of openining controlled by iris.

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30
Q

Lens

A

Clear part of the eye behind the iris. Allows focus for near and far objects. Focuses light onto retina.

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31
Q

Vitreous humor

A

Clear gel filling the inside of the eye. Holds shape of the eye.

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32
Q

Fovea/macula

A

Jj

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33
Q

Retina

A

The light sensitive tissue. Lines the back of the eyeball. Sends electrical impulses to the brain.

34
Q

Rods/cones

A

Jj

35
Q

Optic nerve

A

Bundle of sensory nerve fibers (over 1 million) Carries visual information to the brain (occipital lobe)

36
Q

Sclera

A

Identify location: “whites of the eye”

37
Q

Choroid

A

Identify location

38
Q

4 steps of hearing

A
  1. Sound causes the eardrum to vibrate.
  2. Vibration is passed to the ossicular chain.
  3. Creates waves inthe fluid in the cochlea causing hair cells to bend and send an impulse to the auditory nerve.
  4. The auditory nerve sends information to the brain.
39
Q

Hair cells

A

Hair cells bend as fluid from the cochlea make waves/vibrations send electrical impulses to the auditory nerve.

40
Q

Two types of deafness

A
  1. Conductive - ear drum no vibration or ossicular chain does not send vibration.
  2. Nerve - disease, trama or other disruptions tatgeting the cochlear nerve. Electrical impulses not reaching then brain.
41
Q

Hearing aids

A

The microphone picks up sound and amplifies the signal. It is now directed to the ear canal.

42
Q

The Ossicular Chain

A

Carries vibration from eardrum to cochlea. Malleus (hammer). Inxus (anvil). Stapes (stirrup).

43
Q

Auricle (Pinna)

A

Collects sound. Helps with sound localization.

44
Q

Auditory canal

A

Directs sound to the ear drum.

45
Q

Tympanic Membrane

A

“Ear drum” doundary between outer and middle ear. Vibrates in responce to sound waves.

46
Q

Eustachian Tube

A

NOT A PART OF THE HEARING PROCESS (connects middle ear to the back of the throught.) Equilizes air pressure. Only open when swallowing or yawning.

47
Q

Cochlea

A

Organ (snail shaped with fluid-filled with tunnels) converts mechanical energy into electrical energy.

48
Q

Semicircular Conals

A

NOT A PART OF HEARING 3 of them make up the vestibular system. Shares fluin with cochlea. Controls ballance.

49
Q

Retinal scan
Macula
Fovea

A
  1. Looking at marks through the retina.
  2. Central vision contains fovea. Small area of retina.
  3. Center of macula shapest vision hight consentration of rods and cones.
50
Q

Rod cells
Cone cells
Eye lid

A

1.In retina / night vision. (Modified neuron)
2. In retina / see color. (Modified neron)
3. Protection, limits light entrance

51
Q

Myopia
Hyperopia
Cataracts

A
  1. Near sighted, focuses light and image FRONT OF FOVEA.
  2. Far sighted, focuses on light and images BACK OF FOVEA.
  3. clousing of lens fuzzy images.
52
Q

Astigmatism
Glaucoma
Conjunctives

A
  1. Correctable focuses on 2 or more points.
  2. Pressure builds up. Retinal cells die and optic nerves.
  3. Inflamation of the conjuctiva. Usally caused by bacteria or viruses.
53
Q

4 reflux arc steps

A
  1. Stimulus is picked up by a sensory neuron.
  2. A sensory neuron sends an impulse to the spinal cord.
  3. The spinal cord sends an impulse to the motor neuron.
  4. They send it to the muscles.
54
Q

Neuron 3 types +

A
  1. Motor
  2. Sensory
  3. Inter
55
Q

(CNS)

A

Brain
Spinal cord

56
Q

(PNS)

A

Motor neurons
Sensory neurons

57
Q

Brain
Spinal cord

A
  1. Processes information.
  2. Bundle of nerves extending down the brain. Relays information to the brain. Used in reflux arc
58
Q

Motor neurons
Sensory neurons

A
  1. Carry impulses from CNS to muscles or glands. Causes muscles to contract or glands to swcrete hormones.
  2. Carry impulses from the sense organs (receptors) to the brain and spinal cord. Receptors detect external and internal changes.
59
Q

Somatic Nervous System
Automatic Nervous System

A
  1. Voluntary control of body movments via skeletal muscles.
  2. Involuntary control of smooth mucles (digestion, breathing, ect.)
60
Q

Sympathetic Division
Parasympathetic Division

A
  1. Controls responces to a perceived threat. And is responcible for the “fight or flight” responce.
  2. Controls homeostasis when the body is at rest and is responsible for the body’s “rest and digest” function.
61
Q

Cerebrum

A

Big , left and right

62
Q

Corpus callosum

A

Connects right and left to communicate.

63
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

Sensory and motor processing thin outer layer.

64
Q

Cerebellum

A

Coordination of muscle contractions.

65
Q

Brain stem

A

Links the cerebrum to the spinal cord.

66
Q

Midbrain

A

Relays info for visual and auditory

67
Q

Pons

A

Controls facial movments

68
Q

Medulla oblongata

A

Relay ans control of various homeostatic activities.

69
Q

Thalamus

A

Relay station.
Directs incoming sensory signals to the proper part of the cc

70
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Homestasis control
Directly and indirectly controls the body hormone production.

71
Q

Limbic system

A

Controls emotion, memmory, and motivation.
Includes thalamus, hypothalamus, and cerebral cortex.

72
Q

Dendrites

A

Extends off cell body. Receive neuroteansmitters from other neurons.

73
Q

Axons

A

Receives electrical impulses from the cell body. Long extension from the cell body. Contains a cytoplasm that conducts electrial impulses.

74
Q

Myelin sheath and schwann cells

A

Insulation around axon, speeds up electrical impulses. Formed by schwann cells.

75
Q

Node of Ranvier

A

Gap between the myelin sheath, impulse jups from node to node and gets stronger.

76
Q

Axon terminal

A

End of axon. Release neurotransmitters (chemicals) that are picked up by dendrites of next neuron.

77
Q

Acton potential

A

Potential: Difference in change (volts) across the membrane through gated channels.

78
Q

Action potential steps

A
  1. Resting potential
  2. Depolarization (action potential)
  3. Polarization
79
Q
  1. Resting potential
A

No impulse, -70 mv, neg inside, pos outside, Na+ closed, K+ open,

80
Q
  1. Depolarization (action potential)
A

Once it hits -70mv, Na+ open, K+ closes, charge inside is now +40.

81
Q
  1. Reploarization
A

Since its +40 mv, Na+ closes and K+ opens, and the sodium potassium pump brings it back to normal (-70mv) by pumping out 3 Na+ and pumpin in 2 K+

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