Digestive

Question 1

Which enzyme acts on triglycerides and where?

Answer 1

lingual lipase; activated in the stomach

Question 2

Which enzyme acts on starches (carbs) and where?

Answer 2

salivary amylase; activated in saliva

Question 3

Which enzyme lyses bacteria?

Answer 3

bacterial lysozome

Question 4

Immunoglobulin A

Answer 4

secreted antibody that prevents attachment of microbes so that they cannot penetrate epithelium

Question 5

What initial step leads to digestion of protein?

Answer 5

activation of pepsinogen into pepsin by HCl

Question 6

The mucosa of the stomach is made up of

Answer 6

simple columnar epithelium (suface mucous cells), lamina propia and muscularis mucosae

Question 7

Food is reduced to chyme how?

Answer 7

contraction of the muscularis - macerates food, mixes with gastric juices

Question 8

The gastric glands of the stomach are made up of

Answer 8

epithelium

Question 9

Parietal cells within gastric glands

Answer 9

secrete HCl, which activates pepsinogen, protein denaturing, secretion of hormones that promote flow of bile, kills microbes in food. also secrete intrinsic factor to absorb vitamin b12 in the distal ilium

Question 10

What stimulates the parietal cells to release HCl?

Answer 10

acetylcholine, gastrin, histamine

Question 11

What inhibits Hcl?

Answer 11

somatostatin, prostaglandins, cholecytokinin

Question 12

Vitamin b12 functions

Answer 12

coenzyme in AA metabolism, stimulates erithropoiesis, folate metabolism (RBC formation, cell growth & division)

Question 13

Low B12 symptoms

Answer 13

anemia, poor memory, GI symptoms, fatigue, depression, weakness, ataxia

Question 14

What enzyme digests carbohydrates in the small intestine?

Answer 14

pancreatic enzyme

Question 15

tri/disaccharies are further broken down in the small intestine by

Answer 15

brush border enzymes

Question 16

glucose, galactose and fructose are

Answer 16

monosaccharides

Question 17

What kinds of carbohydrates are absorbed in the small intestine?

Answer 17

only monosaccharides

Question 18

Fructose is absorbed in the lumenal membrane via

Answer 18

facilitated diffusion

Question 19

glucose/galactose are absorbed in the lumenal membrane via

Answer 19

secondary active transport with Na+

Question 20

In the basolateral membrane, how do monosaccharides cross?

Answer 20

facilitated diffusion for all (fructose, galactose, and glucose)

Question 21

Where do monosaccharides go after crossing the basolateral membrane?

Answer 21

capillary of the villus

Question 22

pancreatic juice in the small intestine digests proteins. What is it made up of?

Answer 22

trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase, elastase

Question 23

What digests proteins in the stomach?

Answer 23

pepsin - breaks it down into di/tripeptides

Question 24

In the small intestin, what breaks down proteins?

Answer 24

brush border enzymes ( aminopeptidase, fatty acids )