Digestive Flashcards
What is the coordinated, rhythmic, contraction of smooth muscle that forces food through the digestive tract
peristalsis
What does the digestive tract include?
mouth pharynx esophagus small intestine large intestine & anus
What are the accessory organs
teeth,tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas
What are 3 functions of the tongue
chewing, swallowing, and formation of speech
What are the 3 different types of teeth
incisors- bitting and cutting
canines- tearing and shredding
molars- mastication (crush and grind)
What are the 3 pairs of salivary glands
parotid, submandibular and sublingual
What is the function of the salivary glands
secrete saliva
What is amylase responsible for
initiates carbohydrate metabolism
What is the esophagus
collapsible tube moving bolus through esophagus to stomach in 5-6 sec
What are the parts of the stomach
entrance- cardiac sphincter
exit- pyloric sphincter
What is the enzyme that helps to convert protein
pepsin
What aids with the absorption of B12
intrinsic factor
What are the sections of the small intestine
duodenum, jejunum, and ileum
What are the functions of the large intestine
completion of absorption of water, manufacture of certain vitamins, formation of feces, expulsion of feces
what is the function of the appendix
none has been discovered
what is responsible for the production of bile
cells of the liver
what is the function of bile
emulsification of bile
what is the function of the gallbladder
bile is stored until needed for fat digestion
what are the functions of the liver
managing blood coagulation, manufacturing cholesterol and albumin to maintain normal blood volume, filter out old RBCs and bacteria, detoxifying poisons, converting ammonia to urea, main source of body heat, storing glycogen, and activating vit D
what gland has both endocrine and exocrine duties
pancreas
what are the 3 digestive enzymes in the pancreatic juice
protease, lipase, amylase
what portion of the brain has an affect on our eating habits
hypothalamus
detects any abnormal conditions of UGI tract, any tumors or other ulcerative lesions
UGI study
absence of hydrochloric acid in gastric juice
achlorhydria
what area is assessed during and EGD
esophagus, stomach, and duodenum
what medicine is usually given to help patients expel barium after procedures
milk of mag
blood that is hidden from view
occult blood
endoscopy of lower GI tract allowing visualization & access to obtain biopsy of specimens of tumors, polyps, or ulcerations of anus, & sigmoid colon
sigmoidoscopy
examination of entire colon to detect lesions
colonoscopy
erosive process on teeth from action of bacteria on carbohydrates in mouth which produce acids that dissolve enamel
dental caries
infection caused by candida- fungal infection in mucous membranes of mouth, intestinal tract & vagina (THRUSH)
candidiasis
drug of choice for candidiasis
nystatin
roughened area w/ tongue, difficulty swallowing, chewing, & speaking, edema, numbness or loss of feeling in part of mouth, earache, facial pain, & toothache
S/S of carcinoma of oral cavity
white, firmly attached patch on mouth or tongue mucosa
leukoplakia
what are causes of cancer of esophagus
environmental carcinogens, nutritional deficiencies, chronic irritation & mucosal damage
(cardiospasm) inability of a muscle to relax, particularly cardiac sphincter
achalsia
what are S/S of achalasia
dysphasia, sensation of food sticking in lower portion of esophagus
surgical joining of two ducts, blood vessels, or bowel segments to allow flow from on to the other
anastomosis
what is the primary symptom of achalasia
dysphasia
what is gastritis
inflammation of the lining of the stomach
what are S/S of gastritis
fever, epigastric pain, N/V, headache, coating of tongue, & loss of appetite
ulcerations of mucous membrane or deeper structures of GI tract
what are peptic ulcers
what major bacteria causes ulcers
H. pylori
what meds can also cause ulcers
NSAIDS, ASA, corticosteroids
what is dyspepsia
nausea, eructation & distention
what is hematemesis
vomiting blood
what is melena
tarlike, fetid-smelling stool containing undigested blood
what is dumping syndrome
rapid gastric emptying
what causes pernicious anemia, why is it a problem after gastric surgery
deficiency of intrinsic factor; B12 cant be absorbed in intestines
disorder w/ episodes of altered bowel function & intermittent & recurrent abdominal pain
IBS
pain @ onset of bowel movements, chronic low abdominal pain, feelings of incomplete emptying after defecation
S/S of IBS
ulcerative colitis & Crohn’s, episodic, inflammatory bowel disease
chronic inflammatory disease
who is affected by chronic inflammatory disease
young adults just beginning education, careers, & families
confined to mucosa & submucosa of colon; disease of colon & rectum; aggrevated by stress
ulcerative colitis
c/o rectal bleeding & abdominal cramping, lethargy, sense of frustration & loss of control
S/S of ulcerative colitis
partial of complete separation of wound edges
dehiscence
protrusion of viscera through disrupted wound
evisceration
what is the major S/S of intestinal infection
hemorrhagic colitis (bloody diarrhea & severe cramping)
causes of intestinal infections
person-person contact
contaminated food or water
fecal-oral transmission
inflammation of segments of GI tract; can occur from mouth to anus, tiny ulcers form on various parts of intestinal wall
Crohn’s disease
Weakness, loss of appetite, abdominal pain & cramps, intermittent low grade fever, sleeplessness caused by diarrhea & stress, RLQ abdominal pain is characteristic
S/S of Crohn’s
Meds used for Crohn’s
sulfasalazine and mesalamine
inflammation of veriform of appendix, if undiagnosed leads rapidly to perforation and peritonitis
appendicitis
S/S of appendicitis
constant pain in RLQ, may be accompanied by nausea & anorexia
what diagnostic testing is done for appedicitis
WBC w/ differential
presence of pouchlike herniations through the circular smooth muscle of the colon, particularly sigmoid colon / or inflammation of one or more of diverticular sacs
diverticular disease
what is the cause of diverticular disease
deficiency in fiber & increase in refined carbs combined w/ loss of muscle mass & collagen w/ aging process
inflammation of abdominal peritoneum; occurs after fecal matter seeps from rupture site, causing bacterial contamination of peritoneal cavity
peritonitis
protrusion of a viscus through abnormal opening or weakened area in wall of cavity in which it is normally contained
hernia
what is the difference b/w incarcerated and strangulated
incarcerated- unable to be returned to its body cavity
strangulated- occludes blood supply & intestinal flow
protrusion of stomach & other abdominal viscera through an opening or hiatus in the diaphragm
hiatal hernia
what is a volvulus
twisting of bowel onto itself
changes in bowel habits (diarrhea/constipation) excessive flatus &cramp, rectal bleeding, abdominal pain, nausea, cachexia
S/S of cancer of the colon
dilated veins that may occur outside/inside the anal sphincter as external/internal hemorrhoids
hemorrhoid
cavity full of liquid containing living & dead leukocytes & bacteria (puslike)
liver abscess
chills c/o of dull abdominal pain, tenderness & discomfort
s/s of liver abscess
what is cholecystitis
inflammation of the gallbladder
indigestion after eating foods high in fat, anorexia, N/V & flatulence; may experience > in heart rate & resp rate & become diaphoretic thinking they are having a heart attack
s/s of cholecystitis
inflammation of the pancreas, enzymes cannot flow out of pancreas bc of occlusion of pancreatic duct by edema, stones or scar tissue
pancreatitis
pain in LUQ, sometimes relieved by leaning forward, taking stomach weight off pancreas, jaundice may be noted if common bile duct is obstructed
s/s of pancreatitis
what is an anal fistula & fissure
fistula- abnormal opening on the cutaneous surface near anus
fissure- linear ulcerating or laceration of skin & anus
lobes are covered w/ fibrous tissue, the parenchyma degenerates & lobes are infiltrated w/ fat
cirrhosis
small dilated blood vessels w/ a bright red center point & spiderlike branches
spider telangiectasis
what is jaundice caused from
greater than normal amounts of bilirubin in serum
complex of longitudinal, tortuous veins at the lower end of the esophagus
esophageal varices
type of brain damage caused by liver disease & consequent ammonia intoxication
hepatic encephalopathy
inflammation of liver resulting from several types of viral agents or exposure to toxic substances
hepatitis
general malaise, aching muscles, photophobia, lassitude, headaches & chills, abdominal pain, dyspepsia, nausea, diarrhea & constipation
s/s of hepatitis
abdominal pain in 85% of patients- DM develops if islet cells are involved, anorexia, fatigue, nausea, flatulence, change in stools, steady, dull & aching pain in epigastrium or referred to back
s/s of cancer of pancreas
