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Bio > Digestion/Respiration/Muscles > Flashcards

Digestion/Respiration/Muscles Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Benedicts test

A

reducing sugars

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2
Q

iodine test

A

startch

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3
Q

translucence test

A

lipids

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4
Q

Biurrets test

A

proteins

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5
Q

enzymes

A

lower activation energy of reaction

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6
Q

monosaccharides

A

glucose, galactose, fructose

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7
Q

disaccharides

A

sucrose, maltose, lactose

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8
Q

digestion

A

chemical breakdown of organic molecules into smaller complexes

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9
Q

perastalisis

A

The movement of food through the entire digestive tract through the rhythmic contractions of the muscle lining in the entire alimentary canal

There are contractions behind of the mass and in front and pushing the mass forward

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10
Q

Alimentary Canal

A

entire digestive tract

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11
Q

absorbtion

A

movement of digested nutrients into the tissues of the body

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12
Q

the mouth

A

First sight of chemical digestion of starch
Primary function: Mastication
Chewing reduces the size of the food particles increasing surface area
This chewed paste is called bolus

Secretions:
Saliva
A combination of water, mucin and amayles
Secreted by the salivary glands
(produces analyses)
This activates taste buds and lubricates the passage of food

Amayles
An enzyme that breaks down starch

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13
Q

epiglotis

A

separates air and food
prevents food from going down trachea and air going down esophagus

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14
Q

larynx

A

contains vocal cord and opens let air pass through trachea

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15
Q

Esophagus

A

Muscular tube that bolus travels through, contracts as it moves food into stomach (peristalsis),

cardiac sphincter moves food from esophagus into the stomach

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16
Q

Pharynx

A

A passageway for food and water to enter esophagus and air to enter larynx

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17
Q

Stomach

A

ph is 2
Primary function: The digestion of protein
A hollow muscular sac that is the site of food storage and initial protein digestion
Pyloric sphincter:
Regulates the passage of food from the stomach into the duodenum (first part of the small intestine)

Stomach secretions:
Food within the stomach is called chyme
Pepsinogen:
An inactive enzyme secreted by chief cells and are activated by HCl
Pepsin if the active enzyme of pepsinogen which digests 20% of proteins
HCL:
An acid secreted by parietal cells
This activates pepsinogen and helps break down proteins

Mucin:
Protects the stomach lining from digestion

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18
Q

Renin

A

enzyme that coagulates milk

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19
Q

Hormones

A

proteins that enter the blood stream and trigger the activation of other. bodily structures

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20
Q

Gastrin

A

A stomach hormone triggered by the presence of proteins in the stomach and causes the release of gastric secretions

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21
Q

Stomach diseases

A

If Mucus production is inhibited HCL and pepsin can digest through the stomach wall causing ulcers

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22
Q

The pancreas

A

Main function: The secretion of enzymes that helps digest chyme (but food does not enter the pancreas)
Is triggered by the presence of chyme in the duodenum which then triggers

CCK (hormone) triggers the release of pancreatic enzymes

Secretin: triggers the release of bicarbonate
Empty contents into small intestine

Pancreatic Secretions:
These secretions enter the duodenum through the pancreatic duct
Lipase: an enzyme that breaks down lipids
Amylase: an enzyme that breaks down starch
Bicarbonate: a ionic compound that neutralizes the ph of chyme
Trypsinogen: enzymes that break down proteins

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23
Q

Liver

A

Main Function:
A large organ that detoxifies chemicals and produces bile (an emulsifier that helps increase the surface area of lipids, but does not chemically digest them)
CCk triggers the production of bile when lipids are in duodenum

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24
Q

gallbladder

A

A small muscular sac that stores bile and empties it into the common bile duct and can get blocked easily

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25
Q

Small intestine

A

Main function: Break down food and the absorption which occurs through microvilli located on inner surface of small intestine (increases surface areas) of chemically digested foods

Secretions:
The presence of chyme triggers these secretions
CCK triggers the release of enzymes
Mucin: lubricates food and protects intestinal lining
Enterokinase: activates trypsinogen
Sucrase: breaks down sucrose
Maltase: breaks down maltose
Lactase: breaks down lactose
Lipase: breaks down lipids

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26
Q

large intestine

A

Main function:
The reabsorption of up to 20L per day
Cellulose: Fiber contains cellulose which adds bulk which allows for healthy absorption of water and toxins and movement of feces

Healthy bacteria is found which helps break down waste, produce vitamins, and helps produce antibodies, and detoxify chemicals

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27
Q

Respiration

A

Process in which 02 is supplied to the cells and co2 out of cells

28
Q

Breathing

A

Bones and muscles are controlled by nerves which brings large volumes of o2 air into lungs and remove co2

29
Q

Diffusion

A

Lungs provide a thin surface of tissue through which co2 and o2 can pass
This is defined as gas exchange
Oxygen and CO2 need water to diffuse through

30
Q

Inspiration:

A

Intercostals (located between ribs) and diaphragm is required for inspiration

The active process of inhaling air

The intercostal muscles located between the ribs pull the ribcage up and outward

The diaphragm contracts and flattens which increases space (goes down)

31
Q

Expiration:

A

The passive process of exhaling air

Intercostal muscles relax creating a dome shape and the ribcage goes down and in

The diaphragm relaxes and curves upward which decreases space

32
Q

nose

A

Contains hair and mucus that filters dust
Sinuses warm and moisten the air

33
Q

Trachea

A

windpipe that air goes down
is held up by rings of cartilage

34
Q

Bronchi

A

The trachea branches into 2 tubes called bronchus tubes

35
Q

Bronchioles

A

Smaller tubes branching off the bronchus

Cartilage is necessary to hold open the trachea, bronchus, and bronchioles

36
Q

Lungs

A

Expandable organs in the chest cavity
The site where gas exchange takes place

37
Q

Pleural membrane

A

The membrane lining the ribcage and lungs

The pleural space between the membrane contains fluids to reduce friction between the ribs and lungs

This space also produces suction that pulls which helps to expand the lungs as the ribcage expands

Prevents lungs from collapsing

38
Q

Alveoli

A

Small moist sacs located at the end of each bronchiole
They are round to maximize surface area
This allows for the exchange of gasses
They must be moist to allow the diffusion of gasses

39
Q

Co2

A

When co2 enters the bloodstream it can form unstable carbonic acid which lowers blood ph
This change in ph is monitored by chemoreceptors
Most co2 is converted into bicarbonate

40
Q

Oxygen

A

Hemoglobin is where majority of o2 is carried
Which turns into oxyhemoglobin when bonded with iron

41
Q

Location of chemoreceptors

A

Medulla oblongata:
Sensitive to changes in ph rates
Regulates breathing rates

Carotid and aortic bodies
Carotid bodies are located along side of the neck and are most sensitive to low o2 levels

Aortic bodies are located on the main artery leading from the heart and are sensitive to low o2 levels, ph, and high co2 levels

Both chemo receptors activate nerve messages to the medulla oblongata

42
Q

Hyperventilation

A

This increases blood ph
Increases blood oxygen levels
The medulla reacts by restricting blood vessel size
Breathing rates are lowered

43
Q

All or nothing muscle response

A

All sarcome is completely contracted

44
Q

muscle function

A

Muscles can only contract and cannot push

45
Q

Antagonistic muscles

A

Muscles are usually arranged in pairs
This allows for moment in more then one direction (push and pull)

46
Q

Tendon

A

Collagen protein that joins muscle to bone

47
Q

Ligaments

A

Collagen protein joining bone to bone

48
Q

Sarcomere

A

The basic contractile unit of a muscle

49
Q

Filament proteins

A

Thin actin- slides when a sarcomere contracts
Thick myosin

50
Q

Steps of a sarcomere contraction: (happens when we pick up something)

A
  1. Myosin head is attached to actin
  2. The myosin head flexes releasing stored energy and pulls the actin filament

3.The head releases and un flexes powered by atp

  1. The myosin attaches to actin
51
Q

Myofilaments

A

Individual actin and myosin proteins

52
Q

Myofibril

A

Segments of sarcomeres joined from end to end

53
Q

Muscle fiber

A

Bundles of myofibrils enclosed in muscle membrane

54
Q

Tropomyosin

A

Long protein strand that prevent myosin heads from making contact with binding sites

Must be moved away from binding sites so contraction can occur

55
Q

Troponin

A

Proteins attached to tropomyosin which are the binding sites for calcium

56
Q

Calcium

A

Calcium binds to troponin which exposes myosin binding sites

The myosin heads bind to the now exposed myosin binding sites

the head flexes and releases energy which pulls the actin

57
Q

Types of muscles

A

Walls of blood vessels, digestive tract and other internal organs,
is smooth, is long and tapered, they contract involuntary, and have one nucleus

Cardiac muscle found in the heart, it involuntary contracts, it is tubular, one nucleus per cell

Skeletal muscle, attached to the skeletal eyelids, voluntary contracts, tubular, many nuclei per cell

58
Q

Atrophy

A

A reduction in size, power, and tone in the muscle

59
Q

Hypertrophy

A

An increase in muscle mass

60
Q

Muscle twitch

A

A single contraction of muscle tissue

61
Q

3 periods of a muscle twitch

A

Latent period, contraction period, relaxation period

62
Q

Tetanus

A

A condition that occurs when a muscle is continuously contracted and not allowed to relax

63
Q

Fatigue

A

A condition when a muscle can no longer contract

64
Q

Slow twitch fibers

A

Contracts slowly for greater endurance, jogging, long distance etc

65
Q

Fast twitch fibers

A

Contracts quickly for rapid power generation, sprinting or weightlifting

these fibers fatigue easily

66
Q

breath holding

A

This decreases blood ph
The medulla reacts by dilating blood vessel size
The breathing rate is increased

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