Digestion/Respiration/Muscles Flashcards
Benedicts test
reducing sugars
iodine test
startch
translucence test
lipids
Biurrets test
proteins
enzymes
lower activation energy of reaction
monosaccharides
glucose, galactose, fructose
disaccharides
sucrose, maltose, lactose
digestion
chemical breakdown of organic molecules into smaller complexes
perastalisis
The movement of food through the entire digestive tract through the rhythmic contractions of the muscle lining in the entire alimentary canal
There are contractions behind of the mass and in front and pushing the mass forward
Alimentary Canal
entire digestive tract
absorbtion
movement of digested nutrients into the tissues of the body
the mouth
First sight of chemical digestion of starch
Primary function: Mastication
Chewing reduces the size of the food particles increasing surface area
This chewed paste is called bolus
Secretions:
Saliva
A combination of water, mucin and amayles
Secreted by the salivary glands
(produces analyses)
This activates taste buds and lubricates the passage of food
Amayles
An enzyme that breaks down starch
epiglotis
separates air and food
prevents food from going down trachea and air going down esophagus
larynx
contains vocal cord and opens let air pass through trachea
Esophagus
Muscular tube that bolus travels through, contracts as it moves food into stomach (peristalsis),
cardiac sphincter moves food from esophagus into the stomach
Pharynx
A passageway for food and water to enter esophagus and air to enter larynx
Stomach
ph is 2
Primary function: The digestion of protein
A hollow muscular sac that is the site of food storage and initial protein digestion
Pyloric sphincter:
Regulates the passage of food from the stomach into the duodenum (first part of the small intestine)
Stomach secretions:
Food within the stomach is called chyme
Pepsinogen:
An inactive enzyme secreted by chief cells and are activated by HCl
Pepsin if the active enzyme of pepsinogen which digests 20% of proteins
HCL:
An acid secreted by parietal cells
This activates pepsinogen and helps break down proteins
Mucin:
Protects the stomach lining from digestion
Renin
enzyme that coagulates milk
Hormones
proteins that enter the blood stream and trigger the activation of other. bodily structures
Gastrin
A stomach hormone triggered by the presence of proteins in the stomach and causes the release of gastric secretions
Stomach diseases
If Mucus production is inhibited HCL and pepsin can digest through the stomach wall causing ulcers
The pancreas
Main function: The secretion of enzymes that helps digest chyme (but food does not enter the pancreas)
Is triggered by the presence of chyme in the duodenum which then triggers
CCK (hormone) triggers the release of pancreatic enzymes
Secretin: triggers the release of bicarbonate
Empty contents into small intestine
Pancreatic Secretions:
These secretions enter the duodenum through the pancreatic duct
Lipase: an enzyme that breaks down lipids
Amylase: an enzyme that breaks down starch
Bicarbonate: a ionic compound that neutralizes the ph of chyme
Trypsinogen: enzymes that break down proteins
Liver
Main Function:
A large organ that detoxifies chemicals and produces bile (an emulsifier that helps increase the surface area of lipids, but does not chemically digest them)
CCk triggers the production of bile when lipids are in duodenum
gallbladder
A small muscular sac that stores bile and empties it into the common bile duct and can get blocked easily
Small intestine
Main function: Break down food and the absorption which occurs through microvilli located on inner surface of small intestine (increases surface areas) of chemically digested foods
Secretions:
The presence of chyme triggers these secretions
CCK triggers the release of enzymes
Mucin: lubricates food and protects intestinal lining
Enterokinase: activates trypsinogen
Sucrase: breaks down sucrose
Maltase: breaks down maltose
Lactase: breaks down lactose
Lipase: breaks down lipids
large intestine
Main function:
The reabsorption of up to 20L per day
Cellulose: Fiber contains cellulose which adds bulk which allows for healthy absorption of water and toxins and movement of feces
Healthy bacteria is found which helps break down waste, produce vitamins, and helps produce antibodies, and detoxify chemicals
Respiration
Process in which 02 is supplied to the cells and co2 out of cells
Breathing
Bones and muscles are controlled by nerves which brings large volumes of o2 air into lungs and remove co2
Diffusion
Lungs provide a thin surface of tissue through which co2 and o2 can pass
This is defined as gas exchange
Oxygen and CO2 need water to diffuse through
Inspiration:
Intercostals (located between ribs) and diaphragm is required for inspiration
The active process of inhaling air
The intercostal muscles located between the ribs pull the ribcage up and outward
The diaphragm contracts and flattens which increases space (goes down)
Expiration:
The passive process of exhaling air
Intercostal muscles relax creating a dome shape and the ribcage goes down and in
The diaphragm relaxes and curves upward which decreases space
nose
Contains hair and mucus that filters dust
Sinuses warm and moisten the air
Trachea
windpipe that air goes down
is held up by rings of cartilage
Bronchi
The trachea branches into 2 tubes called bronchus tubes
Bronchioles
Smaller tubes branching off the bronchus
Cartilage is necessary to hold open the trachea, bronchus, and bronchioles
Lungs
Expandable organs in the chest cavity
The site where gas exchange takes place
Pleural membrane
The membrane lining the ribcage and lungs
The pleural space between the membrane contains fluids to reduce friction between the ribs and lungs
This space also produces suction that pulls which helps to expand the lungs as the ribcage expands
Prevents lungs from collapsing
Alveoli
Small moist sacs located at the end of each bronchiole
They are round to maximize surface area
This allows for the exchange of gasses
They must be moist to allow the diffusion of gasses
Co2
When co2 enters the bloodstream it can form unstable carbonic acid which lowers blood ph
This change in ph is monitored by chemoreceptors
Most co2 is converted into bicarbonate
Oxygen
Hemoglobin is where majority of o2 is carried
Which turns into oxyhemoglobin when bonded with iron
Location of chemoreceptors
Medulla oblongata:
Sensitive to changes in ph rates
Regulates breathing rates
Carotid and aortic bodies
Carotid bodies are located along side of the neck and are most sensitive to low o2 levels
Aortic bodies are located on the main artery leading from the heart and are sensitive to low o2 levels, ph, and high co2 levels
Both chemo receptors activate nerve messages to the medulla oblongata
Hyperventilation
This increases blood ph
Increases blood oxygen levels
The medulla reacts by restricting blood vessel size
Breathing rates are lowered
All or nothing muscle response
All sarcome is completely contracted
muscle function
Muscles can only contract and cannot push
Antagonistic muscles
Muscles are usually arranged in pairs
This allows for moment in more then one direction (push and pull)
Tendon
Collagen protein that joins muscle to bone
Ligaments
Collagen protein joining bone to bone
Sarcomere
The basic contractile unit of a muscle
Filament proteins
Thin actin- slides when a sarcomere contracts
Thick myosin
Steps of a sarcomere contraction: (happens when we pick up something)
- Myosin head is attached to actin
- The myosin head flexes releasing stored energy and pulls the actin filament
3.The head releases and un flexes powered by atp
- The myosin attaches to actin
Myofilaments
Individual actin and myosin proteins
Myofibril
Segments of sarcomeres joined from end to end
Muscle fiber
Bundles of myofibrils enclosed in muscle membrane
Tropomyosin
Long protein strand that prevent myosin heads from making contact with binding sites
Must be moved away from binding sites so contraction can occur
Troponin
Proteins attached to tropomyosin which are the binding sites for calcium
Calcium
Calcium binds to troponin which exposes myosin binding sites
The myosin heads bind to the now exposed myosin binding sites
the head flexes and releases energy which pulls the actin
Types of muscles
Walls of blood vessels, digestive tract and other internal organs,
is smooth, is long and tapered, they contract involuntary, and have one nucleus
Cardiac muscle found in the heart, it involuntary contracts, it is tubular, one nucleus per cell
Skeletal muscle, attached to the skeletal eyelids, voluntary contracts, tubular, many nuclei per cell
Atrophy
A reduction in size, power, and tone in the muscle
Hypertrophy
An increase in muscle mass
Muscle twitch
A single contraction of muscle tissue
3 periods of a muscle twitch
Latent period, contraction period, relaxation period
Tetanus
A condition that occurs when a muscle is continuously contracted and not allowed to relax
Fatigue
A condition when a muscle can no longer contract
Slow twitch fibers
Contracts slowly for greater endurance, jogging, long distance etc
Fast twitch fibers
Contracts quickly for rapid power generation, sprinting or weightlifting
these fibers fatigue easily
breath holding
This decreases blood ph
The medulla reacts by dilating blood vessel size
The breathing rate is increased
