Digestion, Respiration And Blood Glucose Weak Areas Flashcards
What is the primary role of mucus in the respiratory system?
To trap pathogens, dust, and other particulates, preventing them from entering the lungs.
Where are cilia found, and what do they do?
Cilia are found in the respiratory tract and move mucus and trapped particles upward toward the throat for removal.
What is chyme, and where is it formed?
Chyme is a semi-liquid mixture of partially digested food and digestive juices formed in the stomach.
What enzyme begins starch digestion in the mouth, and what is its product?
Amylase begins starch digestion, producing maltose.
What are lacteals, and what do they absorb?
Lacteals are lymphatic vessels in the small intestine that absorb dietary fats in the form of chylomicrons.
How are proteins and carbohydrates absorbed in the small intestine?
Proteins are absorbed as amino acids, and carbohydrates are absorbed as monosaccharides into the bloodstream.
What is the role of the pyloric sphincter in digestion?
It regulates the passage of chyme from the stomach to the small intestine and prevents backflow.
What triggers the release of glucagon, and what is its role?
Glucagon is released when blood glucose levels are low, stimulating glycogen breakdown in the liver to raise glucose levels.
How does epinephrine affect the heart during stress?
It increases heart rate, dilates airways, and redirects blood flow to muscles to prepare for ‘fight-or-flight.’
What is the function of the glomerulus in the nephron?
The glomerulus filters blood to form a filtrate that enters the renal tubules.
How does the kidney help maintain pH balance?
The kidney excretes hydrogen ions (H⁺) and reabsorbs bicarbonate ions (HCO₃⁻) to regulate blood pH.
What are the primary effects of the sympathetic nervous system?
It increases heart rate, dilates pupils, redirects blood to muscles, and suppresses nonessential functions like digestion during stress.
What is the difference between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems?
The sympathetic system prepares the body for ‘fight-or-flight,’ while the parasympathetic system promotes ‘rest-and-digest’ functions.
