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Biology 201 Lab > Digestion : Animal Nutrition > Flashcards

Digestion : Animal Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four classes of Essential nutrients?

EEVM

A
  • Essential amino acids
  • Essential fatty acids
  • Vitamins
  • Minerals
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2
Q

Undernutrition

A

results when a diet does not provide enough chemical energy

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3
Q

in chemical digestion, what splits bonds in molecules with the addition of water

A

enzymatic hydrolysis

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4
Q

chief cell

A

secrete inactive pepsinogen, which is activated to pepsin when mixed with hydrochloric acid in the stomach

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5
Q

Elimination

A

the passage of undigested material out of the digestive system

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6
Q

where is bile made and where is it stored ?

A

it is made in the liver and it stored in the gallbladder

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7
Q

malnutrition

A

failure to obtain adequate nutrition

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8
Q

what does the mammalian system consist of ?

A

alimentary canal and accessory glands that secrete digestive juices through ducts

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9
Q

what is gastric juices made up of ?

A

hydrochloric acid (HCI) and pepsin

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10
Q

what does low blood sugar cause glycogon to stimulate the breakdown of ?

A

glycogen and release glucose

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11
Q

when the teeth chews the food into smaller particles, what is it exposed to that initiates the breakdown of glucose polymers?

A

salivary amylase

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12
Q

What is the first stage of digestion and where does it take place?

A

mechanical, in the oral cavity

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13
Q

what can ingesting large amounts of some minerals upset?

A

homeostatic balance

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14
Q

What three categories do animals fall into?

3) (HCO

A

1) Herbivores
2) Carnivores
3) Omnivores

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15
Q

what do the specialized compartments in animals reduce the risk of ?

A

digesting its own cells and tissue

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16
Q

small intestine

A

longest section of the alimentary canal

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17
Q

what role is leptin produced by and what role does it play in regulating obesity?

A

adipose tissue, can help suppress appetite

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18
Q

hepatic portal vein

A

carries nutrient rich blood from the capillaries of the villi to the liver, then to the heart

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19
Q

how does the endocrine regulate digestion ?

A

through the release and transport of hormones

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20
Q

Essential amino acids

A

20 amino acids, must be obtained from food

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21
Q

Vitamins

A

organic molecules required in the diet in small amounts

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22
Q

what type if alimentary canals do herbivores and omnivores have and what does it reflect?

A

longer alimentary canals and it reflects the longer time needed to digest vegetation

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23
Q

Omnivores

A

regularly consumes animals as well as plants or algae

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24
Q

what does mucus protect the stomach lining from?

A

gastric juice

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25
Q

what aids in digestion and absorption of fats in the small intestine?

A

bile

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26
Q

An animal’s diet must consist of what three things?

COE

A
  • Chemical energy
  • Organic molecules
  • Essential nutrients
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27
Q

where are species stored until they can be eliminated through the anus ?

A

the rectum

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28
Q

what do most animals process food in ?

A

specialized compartments

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29
Q

how many vitamins are essential for humans?

A

13

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30
Q

what churns the stomach contents?

A

coordinated contraction and relaxation of the stomach muscles

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31
Q

Essential nutrients

A

required by cells and must be obtained from dietary sources

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32
Q

What are the four main stages of food processing?

A
  • ingestion
  • digestion
  • absorption
  • elimination
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33
Q

what type of stomachs do many carnivores have ?

A

large, expandable

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34
Q

what is the bolus guided by?

A

the larynx (upper part of respiratory tract)

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35
Q

mucus

A
  • found in saliva

- viscous mixture of water, salt, cells, and glycoproteins

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36
Q

Animal nutrition

A

process in which food taken in, taken apart, and taken up.

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37
Q

most digestion occurs in the

A

duodenum

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38
Q

where does most enzymatic hydrolysis of macro-molecules from food occur?

A

in the small intestine

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39
Q

how many vitamins are essential for humans ?

A

13

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40
Q

what two categories are vitamins grouped in?

A
  • Fat-soluble

- Water-soluble

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41
Q

Chemical energy

A

converted into ATP to power cellular processes

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42
Q

Chemical digestion

A

splits food into smaller molecules that can pass through membranes, these are used to build larger molecules

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43
Q

what does bile destroy?

A

non functional red blood cells

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44
Q

what type of transport across the epithelial cells occur and what does it depend on ?

A

passive or active, it depends on the nutrient

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45
Q

trachea (windpipes)

A

leads to lungs

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46
Q

when does coughing occur?

A

when the swallowing reflex fails and food or liquids reaches the windpipe

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47
Q

where must most essential fatty acids be obtained from and what do they include/

A

from the diet and include certain unsaturated fatty acids

48
Q

an engineered strain of rice with beta-carotene

A

“golden rice”

49
Q

ingestion

A
  • the act of eating
50
Q

what does the colon complete?

A

the reabsorption of water that began in the small intestine

51
Q

Carnivores

A

eat other animals

52
Q

pepsin

A

a protease, or protein enzyme that cleaves protein into smaller peptides

53
Q

what part of the nervous system helps regulate the digestive process?

A

the enteric divison

54
Q

Herbivores

A

eat mainly plants

55
Q

what kind of surface are does the small intestine have and why?

A

a huge one because villi and microvilli are exposed to the intestinal lumen

56
Q

Suspension feeders

A
  • many aquatic animals
    ex: brittle star fish, oysters, clams
  • sift small food particles from the water
57
Q

what will happen to a undernourished individual?

UBLSD

A
  • Use up stored fat and Carbohydrates
  • break down its own protein
  • lose muscle mass
  • suffer protein deficiency of the brain
  • die or suffer irreversible damage
58
Q

parietal cells

A

secrete hydrogen and chloride ions separately into the lumen (cavity) of the stomach

59
Q

what do feces including undigested material and bacteria become?

A

more solid as they move through the colon

60
Q

what are gastric ulcers mainly cause by?

A

the bacterium Helicobacter pylori (H pylori)

61
Q

where does the esophagus conduct food from and down to and how?

A

from the pharynx to the stomach by peristalsis

62
Q

Digestion

A

process of breaking food down into molecules small enough to absorb

63
Q

what do some animals have that help them get through periods when there bodies demand extraordinary amounts of protein?

A

adaptations

64
Q

What can deficiencies in essential nutrients cause?

3

A

1) deformities
2) disease
3) death

65
Q

stomach

A

stores food and begins digestion

66
Q

throat (pharynx)

A

the junction that opens the esophagus and the trachea

67
Q

3 types gastric cells

PCM

A
  • parietal cells
  • chief cells
  • mucus cells
68
Q

cecum

A

aids the fermentation of plant material and connects where the small and large intestine meet

69
Q

what does a carbohydrate rich meal do to insulin levels and what does that trigger ?

A

raises them and triggers the synthesis of glycogen

70
Q

why can’t individuals who only eat plants obtain their required amount of essential amino acids?

A

Most plant protein are incomplete in amino acid composition

71
Q

what is the solution of the panaceas and what does it neutralize?

A

alkaline solution and neutralizes the acidic chyme

72
Q

what does the body store that are not needed right away for metabolism?

A

energy rich molecules

73
Q

what do the jejunum and ileum function mainly in ?

A

absorption of nutrients

74
Q

Absorption

A

the uptake of nutrients by body cells

75
Q

what does swallowing cause the epiglottis o block entry to?

A

the trachea

76
Q

where does most digestion take place?

A

the duodenum

77
Q

when is enzymatic digestion complete?

A

as peristalsis moves the chyme and digestive juices along the small intestine

78
Q

what does the stomach secrete?

A

gastric juice

79
Q

Organic molecules

A
  • Organic building blocks such as:
    - organic carbon
    - organic nitrogen
  • synthesize a variety of organic molecules
80
Q

what is “golden rice” converted to in the body?

A

vitamin A

81
Q

what controls bowel movements?

A

two sphincters between the rectum and anus

82
Q

fatty acids with one or more double bonds

A

non saturated fat

83
Q

salivary glands

A

delivers saliva to lubricate food

84
Q

Mechanical digestion

A

where chewing increases the surface area of food

85
Q

what do the mammalian accessory glands include ?

SPLG

A
  • salivary glands
  • pancreas
  • liver
  • gallbladder
86
Q

examples of food that provide all amino acids

A
  • meat
  • eggs
  • cheese
87
Q

produces several digestive enzymes

A

the epithelial lining of the duodenum

88
Q

Substrate feeder

A

animals that live in or on their food source

ex: caterpillars, earthworms, parasites

89
Q

What is “Golden Rice”?

A

an engineered strain of rice with beta- carotene, which is converted to Vitamin A in the body

90
Q

about what is gastric juice’s pH?

A

very low, about 2

91
Q

why are minerals required in small amounts ?

A

ingesting large amounts of some minerals can upset homeostatic balance

92
Q

what is the liver site for ?

A

glucose homeostasis

93
Q

what is the benefit of gastric juice’s pH being low ?

A

kills bacteria and denatures proteins

94
Q

Minerals

A

simple inorganic nutrients, usually required in small amounts

95
Q

what does gastric juice convert a meal to ?

A

converts meals into chyme

96
Q

what is the reason behind the problem for maintaining weight?

A

stems from evolutionary past, when fat hoarding was a means of survival.
individuals most likely eating fatty food were likely to survive famines

97
Q

what are the four main feeding mechanisms for animals?

SSFB

A
  • suspension feeders and filter feeders
  • substrate feeder
  • fluid feeder
  • bulk feeder
98
Q

What do individuals who only eat plant protein need to eat in order to get all the essential amino acids?

A

specific plant combinations

99
Q

Bulk feeders

A

eat relatively large pieces of food

ex: snakes, humans

100
Q

functions of the river (3) (RID)

A

1) regulate nutrient distribution
2) interconverts many organic molecules
3) detoxifies many organic molecules

101
Q

pancreas

A

produces proteases trypsin and chymotrypsin that are activated in the lumen of the duodenum

102
Q

esophagus

A

connects to the stomach

103
Q

how can cattle, deer, and other herbivores prevent phosphorus deficiency?

A

by consuming concentrated sources of salt or other minerals

104
Q

what does the tongue shape food into that helps with swallowing?

A

a bolus

105
Q

where is the colon in the large intestine connected to?

A

the small intestine

106
Q

Fluid feeders

A

suck nutrient rich fluid from living host

ex: mosquitoes, ticks, leeches

107
Q

what does the enormous microvillar surface create a brush border for ?

A

to greatly increase the rate of nutrient absorption

108
Q

what hormones regulate the breakdown of glycogen and glucose ?

A

insulin and glucagon

109
Q

where is energy stored in humans ?

A

first in the liver and muscles cells in the polymer glycogen

110
Q

where is the excess energy stored?

A

in adipose tissue

111
Q

what can animals do with amino acids?

A

synthesize about half from molecules in their diet

112
Q

what type of digestion is occurring in the stomach?

A

both chemical and mechanical

113
Q

appendix

A

the human cecum that has an extension which plays a minor role in immunity

114
Q

what do sphincters prevent chyme from entering and what does it regulate?

A

the esophagus and regulate its entry into the small intestine

115
Q

gastric ulcers

A

lesions in the lining

Biology 201 Lab (1 decks)

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