Digestion : Animal Nutrition Flashcards
1
Q
What are the four classes of Essential nutrients?
EEVM
A
- Essential amino acids
- Essential fatty acids
- Vitamins
- Minerals
2
Q
Undernutrition
A
results when a diet does not provide enough chemical energy
3
Q
in chemical digestion, what splits bonds in molecules with the addition of water
A
enzymatic hydrolysis
4
Q
chief cell
A
secrete inactive pepsinogen, which is activated to pepsin when mixed with hydrochloric acid in the stomach
5
Q
Elimination
A
the passage of undigested material out of the digestive system
6
Q
where is bile made and where is it stored ?
A
it is made in the liver and it stored in the gallbladder
7
Q
malnutrition
A
failure to obtain adequate nutrition
8
Q
what does the mammalian system consist of ?
A
alimentary canal and accessory glands that secrete digestive juices through ducts
9
Q
what is gastric juices made up of ?
A
hydrochloric acid (HCI) and pepsin
10
Q
what does low blood sugar cause glycogon to stimulate the breakdown of ?
A
glycogen and release glucose
11
Q
when the teeth chews the food into smaller particles, what is it exposed to that initiates the breakdown of glucose polymers?
A
salivary amylase
12
Q
What is the first stage of digestion and where does it take place?
A
mechanical, in the oral cavity
13
Q
what can ingesting large amounts of some minerals upset?
A
homeostatic balance
14
Q
What three categories do animals fall into?
3) (HCO
A
1) Herbivores
2) Carnivores
3) Omnivores
15
Q
what do the specialized compartments in animals reduce the risk of ?
A
digesting its own cells and tissue
16
Q
small intestine
A
longest section of the alimentary canal
17
Q
what role is leptin produced by and what role does it play in regulating obesity?
A
adipose tissue, can help suppress appetite
18
Q
hepatic portal vein
A
carries nutrient rich blood from the capillaries of the villi to the liver, then to the heart
19
Q
how does the endocrine regulate digestion ?
A
through the release and transport of hormones
20
Q
Essential amino acids
A
20 amino acids, must be obtained from food
21
Q
Vitamins
A
organic molecules required in the diet in small amounts
22
Q
what type if alimentary canals do herbivores and omnivores have and what does it reflect?
A
longer alimentary canals and it reflects the longer time needed to digest vegetation
23
Q
Omnivores
A
regularly consumes animals as well as plants or algae
24
Q
what does mucus protect the stomach lining from?
A
gastric juice
25
what aids in digestion and absorption of fats in the small intestine?
bile
26
An animal's diet must consist of what three things?
| COE
- Chemical energy
- Organic molecules
- Essential nutrients
27
where are species stored until they can be eliminated through the anus ?
the rectum
28
what do most animals process food in ?
specialized compartments
29
how many vitamins are essential for humans?
13
30
what churns the stomach contents?
coordinated contraction and relaxation of the stomach muscles
31
Essential nutrients
required by cells and must be obtained from dietary sources
32
What are the four main stages of food processing?
- ingestion
- digestion
- absorption
- elimination
33
what type of stomachs do many carnivores have ?
large, expandable
34
what is the bolus guided by?
the larynx (upper part of respiratory tract)
35
mucus
- found in saliva
| - viscous mixture of water, salt, cells, and glycoproteins
36
Animal nutrition
process in which food taken in, taken apart, and taken up.
37
most digestion occurs in the
duodenum
38
where does most enzymatic hydrolysis of macro-molecules from food occur?
in the small intestine
39
how many vitamins are essential for humans ?
13
40
what two categories are vitamins grouped in?
- Fat-soluble
| - Water-soluble
41
Chemical energy
converted into ATP to power cellular processes
42
Chemical digestion
splits food into smaller molecules that can pass through membranes, these are used to build larger molecules
43
what does bile destroy?
non functional red blood cells
44
what type of transport across the epithelial cells occur and what does it depend on ?
passive or active, it depends on the nutrient
45
trachea (windpipes)
leads to lungs
46
when does coughing occur?
when the swallowing reflex fails and food or liquids reaches the windpipe
47
where must most essential fatty acids be obtained from and what do they include/
from the diet and include certain unsaturated fatty acids
48
an engineered strain of rice with beta-carotene
"golden rice"
49
ingestion
- the act of eating
50
what does the colon complete?
the reabsorption of water that began in the small intestine
51
Carnivores
eat other animals
52
pepsin
a protease, or protein enzyme that cleaves protein into smaller peptides
53
what part of the nervous system helps regulate the digestive process?
the enteric divison
54
Herbivores
eat mainly plants
55
what kind of surface are does the small intestine have and why?
a huge one because villi and microvilli are exposed to the intestinal lumen
56
Suspension feeders
- many aquatic animals
ex: brittle star fish, oysters, clams
- sift small food particles from the water
57
what will happen to a undernourished individual?
| UBLSD
- Use up stored fat and Carbohydrates
- break down its own protein
- lose muscle mass
- suffer protein deficiency of the brain
- die or suffer irreversible damage
58
parietal cells
secrete hydrogen and chloride ions separately into the lumen (cavity) of the stomach
59
what do feces including undigested material and bacteria become?
more solid as they move through the colon
60
what are gastric ulcers mainly cause by?
the bacterium Helicobacter pylori (H pylori)
61
where does the esophagus conduct food from and down to and how?
from the pharynx to the stomach by peristalsis
62
Digestion
process of breaking food down into molecules small enough to absorb
63
what do some animals have that help them get through periods when there bodies demand extraordinary amounts of protein?
adaptations
64
What can deficiencies in essential nutrients cause?
| 3
1) deformities
2) disease
3) death
65
stomach
stores food and begins digestion
66
throat (pharynx)
the junction that opens the esophagus and the trachea
67
3 types gastric cells
| PCM
- parietal cells
- chief cells
- mucus cells
68
cecum
aids the fermentation of plant material and connects where the small and large intestine meet
69
what does a carbohydrate rich meal do to insulin levels and what does that trigger ?
raises them and triggers the synthesis of glycogen
70
why can't individuals who only eat plants obtain their required amount of essential amino acids?
Most plant protein are incomplete in amino acid composition
71
what is the solution of the panaceas and what does it neutralize?
alkaline solution and neutralizes the acidic chyme
72
what does the body store that are not needed right away for metabolism?
energy rich molecules
73
what do the jejunum and ileum function mainly in ?
absorption of nutrients
74
Absorption
the uptake of nutrients by body cells
75
what does swallowing cause the epiglottis o block entry to?
the trachea
76
where does most digestion take place?
the duodenum
77
when is enzymatic digestion complete?
as peristalsis moves the chyme and digestive juices along the small intestine
78
what does the stomach secrete?
gastric juice
79
Organic molecules
- Organic building blocks such as:
- organic carbon
- organic nitrogen
- synthesize a variety of organic molecules
80
what is "golden rice" converted to in the body?
vitamin A
81
what controls bowel movements?
two sphincters between the rectum and anus
82
fatty acids with one or more double bonds
non saturated fat
83
salivary glands
delivers saliva to lubricate food
84
Mechanical digestion
where chewing increases the surface area of food
85
what do the mammalian accessory glands include ?
| SPLG
- salivary glands
- pancreas
- liver
- gallbladder
86
examples of food that provide all amino acids
- meat
- eggs
- cheese
87
produces several digestive enzymes
the epithelial lining of the duodenum
88
Substrate feeder
animals that live in or on their food source
| ex: caterpillars, earthworms, parasites
89
What is "Golden Rice"?
an engineered strain of rice with beta- carotene, which is converted to Vitamin A in the body
90
about what is gastric juice's pH?
very low, about 2
91
why are minerals required in small amounts ?
ingesting large amounts of some minerals can upset homeostatic balance
92
what is the liver site for ?
glucose homeostasis
93
what is the benefit of gastric juice's pH being low ?
kills bacteria and denatures proteins
94
Minerals
simple inorganic nutrients, usually required in small amounts
95
what does gastric juice convert a meal to ?
converts meals into chyme
96
what is the reason behind the problem for maintaining weight?
stems from evolutionary past, when fat hoarding was a means of survival.
individuals most likely eating fatty food were likely to survive famines
97
what are the four main feeding mechanisms for animals?
| SSFB
- suspension feeders and filter feeders
- substrate feeder
- fluid feeder
- bulk feeder
98
What do individuals who only eat plant protein need to eat in order to get all the essential amino acids?
specific plant combinations
99
Bulk feeders
eat relatively large pieces of food
| ex: snakes, humans
100
functions of the river (3) (RID)
1) regulate nutrient distribution
2) interconverts many organic molecules
3) detoxifies many organic molecules
101
pancreas
produces proteases trypsin and chymotrypsin that are activated in the lumen of the duodenum
102
esophagus
connects to the stomach
103
how can cattle, deer, and other herbivores prevent phosphorus deficiency?
by consuming concentrated sources of salt or other minerals
104
what does the tongue shape food into that helps with swallowing?
a bolus
105
where is the colon in the large intestine connected to?
the small intestine
106
Fluid feeders
suck nutrient rich fluid from living host
| ex: mosquitoes, ticks, leeches
107
what does the enormous microvillar surface create a brush border for ?
to greatly increase the rate of nutrient absorption
108
what hormones regulate the breakdown of glycogen and glucose ?
insulin and glucagon
109
where is energy stored in humans ?
first in the liver and muscles cells in the polymer glycogen
110
where is the excess energy stored?
in adipose tissue
111
what can animals do with amino acids?
synthesize about half from molecules in their diet
112
what type of digestion is occurring in the stomach?
both chemical and mechanical
113
appendix
the human cecum that has an extension which plays a minor role in immunity
114
what do sphincters prevent chyme from entering and what does it regulate?
the esophagus and regulate its entry into the small intestine
115
gastric ulcers
lesions in the lining
