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bio 20 > Digestion and Excretion in depth > Flashcards

Digestion and Excretion in depth Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the order of organs and sphincters of the digestive tract from ingestion to egestion

A

oral cavity, pharynx, epiglottis, esophagus, cardiac sphincter, stomach, pyloric sphincter, small intestine, ileocecal sphincter, large intestine, rectum, anal sphincter

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2
Q

Describe the role of sphincters and peristalsis in controlling the movement of material through the digestive system

A

spincters- close and open to increase or decrease flow
peristalsis- rhythmic movement of smooth muscle organs from contraction ( mechanical digestion)

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3
Q

How is the stomach protected from digestive acid

A

mucous layer- prevents HCL from irratating stomach wall and creating ulcers.
enzyme is stored in stomach in inactive form (pepsinogen). Only becomes active when Ph drops to around 2 (pepsin). prevents enzyme from digesting stomach wall.

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4
Q

Describe the changes in Ph as food passes through the digestive system

A

-stomach- Ph drops to 2, turns pepsinogen into pepsin to allow protein digestion
-cyme leaves stomach and is acidic. causes duodenum Ph to drop
-pancreas secrete bicarbonate (basic) into duodenum to raise Ph to around 9
-increase Ph activates trypsinogen into trypsin to allow more protein digestion

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5
Q

Compare and contrast chemical digestion, physical digestion, and absorption

A

Chemical- breakdown of molecules at the chemical level. The breaking of chemical bonds due to enzymes (stomach acid).

Physical- the breakdown of food into small chunks. The chemical level does not change, but the physical size of the food (chewing).

Absorption- the movement of digested food (monomers such as glucose) into the blood stream. Nutrient absorption happens in the small intestine. Water absorption in the large intestine.

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6
Q

Describe how nutrients are absorbed through villi in the small intestines. How does absorption of lipids differ from the absorption of other nutrients.

A

villi and microvilli create increased surface area to allow more efficient absorption of nutrients. Nutrients (other than lipids) absorb into capillaries and are carried to the liver to be processed for the body. Lipids are absorbed by lacteals, which transport the absorbed lipids into the lymph system

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7
Q

What is the function of the large intestine

A

absorption of water and fecal formation

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8
Q

What does bile do, where is it produced stored and released

A

Bile emulsifies (breaks apart) fat into smaller droplets. it is PHYSICAL DIGESTION. produces in the liver and stored in the gall bladder to secrete bile into the duodenum

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9
Q

What is the duodenum

A

the first part (of 3) of the small intestine. It is the primary location of chemical digestion in the small intestine. The pancreas and liver excrete enzymes and bile into the duodenum.

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10
Q

Where does absorption take place

A

in the small intestine

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11
Q

why is it important for the large intestine to absorb water

A

so the body can maintain homeostasis

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12
Q

most chemical digestion occurs in how many phases

A

2

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13
Q

What is a thick slippery substance that lines the esophagus

A

mucus

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14
Q

What does hydrochloric acid do

A

breakdown food and destroy bacteria in food

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15
Q

What are the two parts of the digestive system

A

digestive tract and accessory organs

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16
Q

What is the process of food moving in the stomach by peristalsis muscles

A

mechanical digestion

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17
Q

What are the four stages of food being processed called

A

ingestion, digestion, absorption, and elimination

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18
Q

What is Digestion

A

the process that breaks down food into small molecules so they can move through the cell

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19
Q

What process’ are digestion

A

chemical and mechanical

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20
Q

Mechanical digestion takes place when..

A

food is chewed churned and mixed

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21
Q

When saliva breaks down the food this kind of digestion is occurring

A

chemical

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22
Q

What makes chemical digestion occur

A

enzymes

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23
Q

What is the enzyme in the mouth called

A

amylase

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24
Q

What is the enzyme in the stomach called

A

pepsin

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25
Q

What’s Absorption

A

the process by which nutrient molecules pass through the walls of your digestive system into your blood

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26
Q

What’s the thing in bran cereals that isn’t digested

A

fibre

27
Q

How long is the digestive system

A

9 m long

28
Q

What are the accessory organs

A

tongue, teeth, salivary gland, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas

29
Q

What are the involuntary waves of muscle that contract and move the food through the digestive system called

A

peristalsis

30
Q

What is it called when food is chewed in the mouth and then the saliva and enzymes are mixed with the food

A

ingestion

31
Q

How long does food stay in the stomach

A

between 2 and 4 hours

32
Q

When food leaves the stomach it is a watery liquid called…

A

chyme

33
Q

How long is the small intestine

A

4 to 7 m long

34
Q

What is the first part of the small intestine

A

duodenum

35
Q

In phase one of chemical digestion what is the greenish liquid that comes from the liver and is added in the digestive process in the duodenum called

A

bile

36
Q

In the second phase of chemical digestion a solution of enzymes from the pancreas and —– is added that breaks down carbs protein and fat

A

bicarbonate

37
Q

Your pancreas also adds —-, a hormone that allows glucose to pass from the bloodstream into your cells

A

insulin

38
Q

The small intestine have small finger like projections called…

A

villie

39
Q

Peristalsis moves through watery chyme and the remaining undigested food and unabsorbed material from the small intestine to the…

A

large intestine

40
Q

The main job of the large intestine is to absorb — from the chyme

A

water

41
Q

In the large intestine peristalsis slows down 2-3 days to become more solid then the muscles move everything to the …

A

rectum

42
Q

What is excretion

A

the process of which waste is removed

43
Q

What are nephrons

A

one of a million tiny filtered structures found in the kidneys that remove waste from blood and produces urine

44
Q

What is urethra

A

a small tube through with urine flows from the body

45
Q

What’s the kidney

A

a major organ or the excretory system that eliminates urea, excess water, and other materials from the body

46
Q

What is urea

A

a chemical that comes from the breakdown of proteins and that is removed from the body by the kidneys

47
Q

What’s the urinary bladder

A

a saclike muscular organ that stores urine until it is eliminated from the body

48
Q

What is urine

A

a fluid produced by the kidney that contains water, urea, and other waste materials

49
Q

What’s the ureter

A

a narrow tube that carries urine from one of the kidneys to the urinary bladder

50
Q

What are lung skin and liver

A

other organs of the excretory system that remove carbon dioxide, sweat, urea, and bile

51
Q

Major job of the excretory system

A

to collect waste produced by cells and remove them from the body

52
Q

How kidneys regulate water in the body

A

the kidneys maintain homeostasis depending on the condition inside the body

53
Q

What’s the path of urine

A

urine travels from the kidneys through the ureters to the urinary bladder. it is then eliminated through the urethra

54
Q

Which substances do the excretory system eliminate from the body?

A

urea, water, carbon dioxide, and salt

55
Q

What’s the bowmans capsule

A

chamber surronding the glomerulus, first location to filtrate that has filtered out the blood

56
Q

What’s the glomerulus

A

bundle of porous capillaries

57
Q

Loop of Henle

A

concentrates the filtrate, allows diffusion of slats and water back into the blood

58
Q

What’s the distal convoluted tubule

A

tubular secretion happens here; wastes not initially filtered out in Bowmans capsule are filtered out here

59
Q

What’s the proximal convoluted tubule

A

tubule reabsorption happens here; cells move water and nutrients from filtrate BACK INTO blood

60
Q

What’s the renal pelvis

A

collection site for urine before it exits kidney

61
Q

What does the afferent arteriole do

A

carries blood towards glomerulus

62
Q

What does the efferent arteriole do

A

carries blood out of the glomerulus

63
Q

What’s the renal cortex

A

outer layer of kidney

64
Q

What’s the renal medulla

A

the whole inner portion of the kidney

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