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biology - mass transport > digestion and absorption > Flashcards

digestion and absorption Flashcards

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1
Q

what are CARBOHYDRATES broken down into?

A

disaccharides and then monosaccharides (sugars)

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2
Q

what are LIPIDS/FATS broken down into?

A

fatty acids and glycerol (monoglycerides)

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3
Q

what are PROTEINS broken down into?

A

amino acids

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4
Q

what are CARBOHYDRATES broken down BY?

A

amylase and membrane-bound disaccharidases (enzyme)

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5
Q

HOW are CARBOHYDRATES broken down by AMYLASE?

A
  • AMYLASE is an enzyme that catalyses the conversion of STARCH (polysaccharide) into MALTOSE (disaccharide)
  • this involves the HYDROLYSIS of the GLYCOSIDIC BONDS in starch
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6
Q

WHERE is AMYLASE produced?

A

in the salivary glands and the pancreas

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7
Q

HOW are CARBOHYDRATES broken down by MEMBRANE-BOUND DISACCHARIDASES?

A
  • membrane-bound disaccharidases are enzymes attached to the cell membrane of epithelial cells lining the ileum (small intestine)
  • they break down disaccharides into monosaccharides
  • this involves the hydrolysis of glycosidic bonds
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8
Q

what is MALTOSE catalysed by?

A

maltase

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9
Q

what is SUCROSE catalysed by?

A

sucrase

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10
Q

what is LACTOSE catalysed by?

A

lactase

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11
Q

what are the MONOSACCHARIDE PRODUCTS of MALTOSE?

A

glucose + glucose

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12
Q

what are the MONOSACCHARIDE PRODUCTS of SUCROSE?

A

glucose + fructose

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13
Q

what are the MONOSACCHARIDE PRODUCTS of LACTOSE

A

glucose + galactose

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14
Q

what are LIPDS broken down BY?

A

lipase and bile salts

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15
Q

HOW are LIPIDS broken down by LIPASE?

A
  • LIPASE enzymes catalyse the breakdown of LIPIDS into MONOGLYCERIDES (glycerol) and FATTY ACIDS
  • this involves the HYDROLYSIS of ESTER BONDS in lipds
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16
Q

where is LIPASE made?

A

pancreas

17
Q

where does LIPASE WORK?

A

small intestine

18
Q

where does AMYLASE WORK?

A

mouth and small intestine

19
Q

HOW do BILE SALTS help in the breakdown of LIPIDS?

A
  • BILE SALTS emulsify lipids = cause lipids to form small droplets
  • bile salts increase the available surface area for lipase to work on as small lipids droplets have a LARGER surface area than one big lipid droplet
20
Q

where are BILE SALTS produced?

A

liver

21
Q

what are PROTEINS broken down BY?

A

endopeptidases and exopeptidases (proteases/peptidases)

22
Q

what are PEPTIDASES?

A

enzymes that catalyse the conversion of PROTEINS into AMINOA CIDS by HYDROLYSING the PEPTIDE BONDS between amino acids

23
Q

how are PROTEINS broken down by ENDOPEPTIDASES?

A

ENDOPEPTIDASES hydrolyse peptide bonds WITHIN a protein

24
Q

how are PROTEINS broken down by EXOPEPTIDASES?

A
  • EXOPEPTIDASES hydrolyse peptide bonds AT THE END of protein molecules
  • they remove single amino acids from proteins
25
Q

what are 3 examples of ENDOPEPTIDASES?

A

TRYPSIN, PEPSIN, CHYMOTRYPSIN

26
Q

where are TRYPSIN and CHYMOTRYPSIN synthesised and secreted to?

A

they are SYNTHESISED in the PANCREAS and SECRETED to the SMALL INTESTINE

27
Q

where is PEPSIN produced and released to?

A

pepsin is PRODUCED by cells in the STOMACH LINING and is RELEASED into the STOMACH

28
Q

what CONDITIONS does PEPSIN work in?

A

pepsin ONLY works in ACIDIC CONDITIONS which is provided by HYDROCHLORIC ACID in the stomach

29
Q

what are DIPEPTIDASES?

A
  • DIPEPTIDASES are exopeptidases that work on DIPEPTIDES
  • they separate 2 amino acids that make up a dipeptide by HYDROLYSING the PEPTIDE BONDS between them
30
Q

where are DIPEPTIDASES located?

A

the CELL-SURFACE MEMBRANE of EPITHELIAL CELLS in the SMALL INTESTINE

31
Q

how are GLUCOSE and GALACTOSE absorbed across cell membranes?

A

glucose and galactose are absorbed by ACTIVE TRANSPORT with SODIUM IONS via a CO-TRANSPORTER PROTEIN

32
Q

how is FRUCTOSE absorbed across cell membranes?

A

fructose is absorbed via FACILITATED DIFFUSION through a DIFFERENT transporter protein to glucose and galactose

33
Q

how are MONOGLYCERIDES and FATTY ACIDS absorbed across cell membranes?

A
  • MICELLES help to move monoglycerides and fatty acids towards the epithelium
  • micelles constantly break up and reform so can release monoglycerides and fatty acids
  • micelles are NOT taken across the epithelium
  • monoglycerides and fatty acids are LIPID-SOLUBLE so can diffuse directly across the epithelial cell membrane
34
Q

how are AMINO ACIDS absorbed across cell membranes?

A
  • amino acids are absorbed via CO-TRANSPORT
  • SODIUM IONS are ACTIVELY TRANSPORTED out of the ileum epithelial cells into the blood
  • this creates a sodium ion CONCENTRATION GRADIENT
  • sodium ions can then DIFFUSE from the lumen of the ileum into the epithelial cells through SODIUM DEPENDENT TRANSPORTER PROTEINS, carrying the amino acids with them

biology - mass transport (7 decks)

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