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chapter 40 > digestion and absorption > Flashcards

digestion and absorption Flashcards

1
Q

To bring essential nutrients into the internal environment so they are available to every cell in the body

A

Primary function of the digestive system

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2
Q

Ingestion and digestion

A

Mechanisms used to accomplish the primary function of the digestive system

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3
Q

movement of nutrients through the GI mucosa into the internal environment

A

absorption

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4
Q

excretion of material that is not absorbed

A

elimination

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5
Q

movement of the digestive tract

A

mechanical digestion

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6
Q

chewing movements

A

mastication

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7
Q

Process of swallowing; complex process requiring coordinated, rapid movements

A

Deglutition

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8
Q

(mouth to oropharynx): voluntarily controlled; formation of a food bolus in the middle of the tongue; food is then moved into the oropharynx

A

oral stage

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9
Q

(oropharynx to esophagus): involuntary movement; to propel bolus from the pharynx to the esophagus, the mouth/nasopharynx/larynx must be blocked; a combination of contractions and gravity move bolus into esophagus

A

pharyngeal stage

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10
Q

(esophagus to stomach): involuntary(segmentation and peristalsis) movement; contractions and gravity move bolus through esophagus and into stomach

A

esophageal stage

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11
Q

two main types of motility produced by the smooth muscle of the GI tract; can occur together in an alternating fashion

A

Peristalsis and segmentation

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12
Q

wavelike ripple of the muscle layer of a hollow organ; progressive motility that produces forward movement of matter along the GI tract

A

peristalsis

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13
Q

mixing movement; digestive reflexes cause a forward-and-backward movement with a single segment of the GI tract; helps break down food particles, mixes food and digestive juices, and brings digested food in contact with intestinal mucosa to facilitate absorption

A

segmentation

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14
Q

emptying the stomach takes approximately 2 - 6 hours; while in the stomach, food is churned (propulsion and retropulsion) and mixed with gastric juices to form chyme; chyme is ejected approximately every 20 seconds into the duodenum; gastric emptying is controlled by hormonal and nervous mechanisms

A

gastric motility

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15
Q

fats in duodenum stimulate the release of gastric inhibitory peptide, which decreases peristalsis of gastric muscle and slows passage of chyme into duodenum

A

hormonal mechanism

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16
Q

enterogastric reflex; stretch and chemo- receptors in the duodenal mucosa are sensitive to presence of acid and distention; impulses over sensory and motor fibers in the vagus nerve cause a reflex inhibition of gastric peristalsis

A

nervous mechansim

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17
Q

allows stomach to expand

A

rugae

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18
Q

Intestinal motility includes

A

peristalsis and segmentation

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19
Q

Segmentation in duodenum and upper jejunum mixes chyme with digestive juices from the

A

pancreas, liver, and intestinal mucosa

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20
Q

changes in chemical composition of food as it travels through the digestive tract; these changes are the result of hydrolysis

A

Chemical digestion(starts in mouth)

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21
Q

Carbohydrates are ___ compounds

A

saccharide

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22
Q

Fats must be emulsified(water-soluble) by bile in small intestine before being digested
Pancreatic lipase is the main fat-digesting enzyme

A

fat digestion

23
Q

secreted by salivary glands

A

saliva

24
Q

secreted by gastric glands

A

gastric juices

25
Q

secreted by parietal cells

A

hydrochloric acid

26
Q

Intrinsic factor (secreted by parietal cells) protects

A

vitamin B12 and later facilitates its absorption

27
Q

B12 is important for production of

A

blood cells

28
Q

secreted by acinar and duct cells of the pancreas

A

pancreatic juices

29
Q

(e.g., trypsin and chymotrypsin) are enzymes that digest proteins and polypeptides

A

proteases

30
Q

are enzymes that digest emulsified fats

A

Lipases

31
Q

are enzymes that digest nucleic acids such as DNA and RNA-> down into nucleotides

A

Nucleases

32
Q

is an enzyme that digests starches

A

Amylase

33
Q

increases the pH for optimal enzyme function; its manufacture also helps restore normal pH of blood

A

Sodium bicarbonate

34
Q

secreted by the liver; stored/concentrated in the gallbladder

A

bile

35
Q

secreted by cells of intestinal exocrine cells

A

intestinal juices

36
Q

(psychic phase) parasympathetic fibers in vagus nerve conduct efferent impulses to the glands; stimulate production of gastrin (by G cells in the stomach)

A

Cephalic phase

37
Q

when products of protein digestion reach the pyloric portion of the stomach, they stimulate release of gastrin; gastrin accelerates secretion of gastric juice, ensures enough enzymes are present to digest food

A

Gastric phase

38
Q

mechanisms adjust gastric secretion as chyme passes to and through the intestinal tract; endocrine reflexes involving gastric inhibitory peptide, secretin, and CCK inhibit gastric secretions

A

Intestinal phase

39
Q

stimulated by several hormones released by intestinal mucosa

A

pancreatic secretion

40
Q

bile secreted continually by the liver; secretin and CCK stimulate ejection of bile from the gallbladder

A

bile secretion

41
Q

Passage of substances through the intestinal mucosa into the blood or lymph
Most absorption occurs in the small intestine-> liver

A

process of absorption

42
Q

how sodium is transported

A

secondary active transport

43
Q

(coupled transport): how glucose is transported

A

sodium cotransport

44
Q

most absorption in

A

small intestine

45
Q

colon will release ___ if too fast
colon will release ___ if to slow

A

diaherra
hard

46
Q

The expulsion of feces from the digestive tract; act of expelling feces is called

A

defecation

47
Q

Defecation occurs as a result of

A

a reflex brought about by stimulation of receptors in the rectal mucosa

48
Q

contents of the lower part of the colon and rectum move at a slow rate = extra water is absorbed from the feces and hardened stool

A

constipation

49
Q

external are
internal are

A

skeletal
smooth muscle

50
Q

Rectum is empty internal are ___ and external is ___

A

contracted
relaxed

51
Q

Rectum is full internal are ___and external are ____

A

relaxed
contracted

52
Q

of the digestive system to overall homeostasis is to provide a constant nutrient concentration in the internal environment

A

primary contribution

53
Q

Absorption of nutrients
Teeth and tongue, along with respiratory and nervous system, are important in producing spoken language
Gastric acids help the immune system by destroying potentially harmful bacteria

A

secondary roles of digestive system

chapter 40 (3 decks)

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