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AQA A Level Biology > Digestion > Flashcards

Digestion Flashcards

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1
Q

what do the salivary glands produce?

A

salivary amylase and saliva

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2
Q

what do the salivary glands do?

A

lubricate food to make it easier to swallow

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3
Q

what does the liver produce?

A

bile and urea

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4
Q

what does the liver store?

A

glycogen, iron, vitamins, ADEK

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5
Q

what does the liver remove?

A

toxins

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6
Q

what does the gall bladder store?

A

bile

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7
Q

what is the ileum?

A

a long, muscular tube

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8
Q

what does the ileum absorb?

A

soluble food into the bloodstream

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9
Q

how does the oesophagus move?

A

peristalsis

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10
Q

what does the oesophagus carry?

A

food from the mouth to the stomach

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11
Q

what is the stomach?

A

a muscular sac with an inner layer that produces enzymes

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12
Q

what does the stomach do?

A

stores and digests food

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13
Q

what does the HCL acid in the stomach do?

A

neutralises bacteria

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14
Q

what does the pancreas secrete?

A

digestive enzymes and neutraliser (sodium hydrogen carbonate)

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15
Q

what does the large intestines store?

A

faeces in the rectum

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16
Q

what do the villi of the iluem do?

A

increase SA for faster absorption of soluble food

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17
Q

where are microvilli found?

A

on the epithelial cells of the lining of the ileum

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18
Q

how is the lining of the ileum adapted for quick absorption?

A

one cell thick and rich blood supply

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19
Q

where is bile produced?

A

liver

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20
Q

where is bile stored?

A

gall bladder

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21
Q

where is bile released into?

A

small intestine

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22
Q

what does bile do?

A

emulsifies fats and neutralises stomach acid

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23
Q

what is the purpose of digestion?

A

hydrolyse large, insoluble molecules into small soluble molecules so they can be absorbed and assimilated

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24
Q

what is physical digestion?

A

structures like teeth break down large food into smaller pieces to increase SA

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25
Q

what is chemical digestion?

A

enzymes hydrolyse large, insoluble molecules into small, soluble molecules

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26
Q

what enzyme hydrolyses starch?

A

salivary and pancreatic amylase

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27
Q

what enzyme hydrolyses maltose?

A

maltase

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28
Q

what enzyme hydrolyses sucrose?

A

sucrase

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29
Q

what enzyme hydrolyses lactose?

A

lactase

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30
Q

what enzyme hydrolyses lipids?

A

lipase

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31
Q

what enzyme hydrolyses proteins?

A

endo-peptidase, exo-peptidase, and dipeptidases

32
Q

what is the product of the hydrolysis of starch?

A

maltose

33
Q

what is the product of the hydrolysis of maltose?

A

2x alpha glucose

34
Q

what is the product of the hydrolysis of sucrose?

A

alpha glucose and fructose

35
Q

what is the product of the hydrolysis of lactose?

A

alpha glucose and galactose

36
Q

what is the product of the hydrolysis of lipids?

A

3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol

37
Q

what is the product of the hydrolysis of protein?

A 
endo-peptidase = peptides
exo-peptidase = peptides
dipeptidases = amino acids
38
Q

How many enzymes does it take to completely hydrolyse a starch molecule?

A

more than one

39
Q

How must enzymes be added when hydrolysing starch?

A

in the right order

40
Q

Hydrolysis of starch step 1

A

saliva enters the mouth from the salivary glands and mixes with food

41
Q

Hydrolysis of starch step 2

A

salivary amylase hydrolyses starch to maltose

42
Q

what does saliva also contain?

A

mineral salts to maintain pH at neutral (optimum for salivary amylase)

43
Q

Hydrolysis of starch step 3

A

food enters stomach. Acidic conditions denature the amylase, preventing further hydrolysis of starch

44
Q

Hydrolysis of starch step 4

A

food in small intestine mixes with pancreatic juice which contains pancreatic amylase. This hydrolyses the remaining starch to maltose.

45
Q

What do alkaline salts do?

A

keep pH neutral so the amylase can function

46
Q

where are alkaline salts produced?

A

pancreas and intestinal wall

47
Q

Hydrolysis of starch step 5

A

the epithelial lining of the ileum produces maltase which hydrolyses the maltose into alpha glucose

48
Q

what is maltase?

A

a membrane-bound disaccharide

49
Q

what is maltase a part of?

A

the cell surface membrane of the epithelial cells lining the ileum

50
Q

what bond do lipases hydrolyse?

A

the ester bond in triglycerides

51
Q

what is formed when lipase hydrolyses a triglyceride?

A

fatty acids and monoglycerides

52
Q

what is a monoglyceride?

A

a glycerol molecule with a single fatty acid molecule attached

53
Q

what do bile salts produced in the liver do?

A

emulsify lipids into tiny droplets called micelles

54
Q

what do endo-peptidases hydrolyse?

A

the peptide bonds between amino acids in the central region of a protein. This forms peptides.

55
Q

what do exo-peptidases hydrolyse?

A

the peptide bonds on the terminal amino acids of the peptides formed from endo-peptidase hydrolysis.

56
Q

what do dipeptidases hydrolyse?

A

the bond between the 2 amino acids of a dipeptide.

57
Q

are dipeptidases membrane-bound?

A

yes - they are part of the cell surface membrane of the epithelial cells lining the ileum

58
Q

ingestion

A

putting food into the alimentary canal/digestive system

59
Q

digestion

A

breakdown of large insoluble molecules into small soluble ones

60
Q

absorption

A

the uptake of soluble food molecules into body cells

61
Q

assimilation

A

incorporation and use of soluble food molecules into body cells

62
Q

egestion

A

removal of undigested food from the body

63
Q

what is the ileum adapted for?

A

absorbing the products of digestion

64
Q

how long are villi?

A

1mm

65
Q

where do villi sit?

A

the interface between the lumen (cavity) of the intestines, and the blood and tissues inside the body

66
Q

what do the villi do?

A

increase SA for diffusion

67
Q

what do the thin walls of the villi do?

A

reduce the distance diffusion takes place over

68
Q

what do the muscles of the villi do?

A

allow them to move. This helps maintain a diffusion gradient as the movement mixes the content of the ileum, so new material rich in digestion products is readily available

69
Q

what does a good blood vessel supply to the villi do?

A

maintain a diffusion gradient

70
Q

what do microvilli do?

A

increase SA for absorption

71
Q

absorption of triglycerides step 1

A

fatty acids and monoglycerides emulsified by bile then hydrolysed by lipase

bile salts surround the digestion products to form micelles

72
Q

absorption of triglycerides step 2

A

micelles come into contact with the epithelial cells lining the villi of the ileum and breakdown

this releases the monoglycerides and fatty acids.

these are non-polar so diffuse easily into the epithelial cells across the CSM

73
Q

absorption of triglycerides step 3

A

inside the epithelial cells monoglycerides and fatty acids are transported to the SER where they recombine to form trigylcerides

74
Q

absorption of triglycerides step 4

A

in the golgi apparatus triglycerides associate with cholesterol and lipoproteins to form chylomicrons (special particles adapted for the transport of lipids)

75
Q

absorption of triglycerides step 5

A

chylomicrons move out the epithelial cells by exocytosis. They enter lymphatic capillaries celled lacteals in the centre of each villus

76
Q

absorption of triglycerides step 6

A

chylomicrons pass via lymphatic vessels into the blood system. The triglycerides inside are hydrolysed by an enzyme in the endothelial cells of blood capillaries where they diffuse into cells.

AQA A Level Biology (5 decks)

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