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IB Bio 20 > Digestion > Flashcards

Digestion Flashcards

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1
Q

What is ingestion?

A

Taking in of nutrients

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2
Q

What is digestion?

A

Breakdown of organic materials

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3
Q

What is absorption?

A

Transport of digested nutrients into the blood stream

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4
Q

What is egestion?

A

Removal of indigestible materials (feces)

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5
Q

What is organic food material composed of?

A

Macromolecules

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6
Q

What do macromolecules need to be broken down into?

A

Monomers

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7
Q

What process is used to break bonds in macromolecules?

A

Enzymatic hydrolysis

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8
Q

What are macromolecules broken down into and how?

A

They are broken down into component monomers by enzymatic hydrolysis.

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9
Q

What are polysaccharides broken down into?

A

Monosaccharides

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10
Q

What are proteins broken down into?

A

Amino acids

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11
Q

What are lipids broken down into?

A

Fatty acids and glycerol

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12
Q

List the accessory glands

A

Salivary glands
Pancreas
Liver
Gall bladder

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13
Q

What (in general) do the accessory glands do?

A

Secrete juices into the alimentary canal

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14
Q

List the layers of the alimentary canal from inside to outside

A

lumen, mucosa, submucosa, muscle layer, serosa

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15
Q

What is the submucosa composed of?

A

connective tissue

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16
Q

What are the purposes of the oral cavity?

A

mastication and lubrication

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17
Q

What is formed in the oral cavity?

A

bolus

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18
Q

What is peristalsis?

A

Waves of rhythmic contractions of smooth muscles that moves the bolus of food along the alimentary canal

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19
Q

What initiates peristalsis?

A

swallowing

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20
Q

What enzyme remains active as the bolus moves through the esophagus?

A

salivary amylase

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21
Q

What happens to salivary amylase in the stomach and why?

A

It is denatured because of the acidity of the stomach.

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22
Q

What is between the esophagus and stomach?

A

The gastro-esophageal junction, cardiac sphincter

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23
Q

Where is the stomach?

A

Just below the diaphragm on LS of abdominal cavity.

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24
Q

What happens in churning?

A

3 muscle layers of the stomach contract, mixing food

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25
Q

What are the layers of muscle involved in churning?

A

longitudinal
vertical
diagonal

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26
Q

How is chyme formed?

A

Churning, mixing, and addition of stomach acid forms a nutrient broth in the stomach.

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27
Q

What are the layers of cells in gastric pits?

A

Top: cells that secrete mucous
Bottom: cells that secrete acid (HCl)
Even Lower: pepsinogen-secreting cells

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28
Q

How are the insides of the duodenum and ileum/jejunum different?

A

The duodenum has folds, whereas the ileum and jejunum have villi and microvilli

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29
Q

What is the purpose of villi and microvilli?

A

To increase surface area for absorption

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30
Q

What are the functions of the mouth?

A

Voluntary control of eating and swallowing
Mechanical digestion of food by chewing and mixing with saliva (which contains lubricants and enzymes that start starch digestion)

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31
Q

What is the function of the esophagus

A

Movement of food by peristalsis from the mouth to the stomach

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32
Q

What are the functions of the stomach?

A

Churning and mixing with secreted water and acid, as well as initial stages of protein digestion

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33
Q

Why is there secreted water and acid in the stomach?

A

To kill foreign bacteria and other pathogens in food.

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34
Q

What are the functions of the small intestine?

A

Final stages of digestion of lipids, carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids
Neutralizing stomach acid
Absorption of nutrients

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35
Q

What are the functions of the pancreas?

A

Secretion of surfactants in bile to break up lipid droplets

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36
Q

What are the functions of the gall bladder?

A

Storage and regulated release of bile

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37
Q

What are the functions of the large intestine?

A

Re-absorption of water
Further digestion especially of carbohydrates by symbiotic bacteria
Formation and storage of feces

38
Q

How many types of gland tissue does the pancreas contain?

A

2

39
Q

What hormones are secreted by the pancreas from small groups of cells?

A

insulin and glucagon

40
Q

Where are digestive enzymes synthesized? Then where do they go?

A

In the pancreatic gland cells on ribosomes on the rough endoplasmic reticulum. They then are processed in the Golgi apparatus and secreted by exocytosis

41
Q

Explain the structure and functions of ducts the pancreas

A

Ducts within the pancreas merge into larger ducts and finally form one pancreatic duct through which about a litre of pancreatic juice is secreted per day into the lumen of the small intestine

42
Q

What enzymes are in pancreatic juice? What do each of them do?

A

Amylase digests starch
Lipases digest triglycerides and phospholipids
Proteases digest proteins and peptides

43
Q

What does amylase do?

A

Digests starch to maltose

44
Q

List the different salivary glands and how many of each there are

A 
parotid glands (2)
submandibular glands (2)
sublingual gland (1)
45
Q

What does lipase do?

A

Digests triglycerides to fatty acids and glycerol OR fatty acids and monoglycerides

46
Q

What does phospholipase do?

A

Digests phospholipids to fatty acids, glycerol, and phosphate

47
Q

What does protease do?

A

Digests proteins and polypeptides to shorter peptides

48
Q

Give an example of something humans can’t digest

A

Cellulose

49
Q

What do nucleases do?

A

Digest DNA and RNA to nucleotides

50
Q

What does maltase do?

A

Digests maltose to glucose

51
Q

What does lactase do?

A

Digests lactose to glucose and galactose

52
Q

What does sucrose do?

A

Digests sucrose to glucose and fructose

53
Q

What are exopeptidases? How do they work?

A

Proteases that digest peptides by removing single amino acids either from the carboxy or amino terminal of the chain until only a dipeptide is left

54
Q

What do dipeptidases do?

A

Digest dipeptides into amino acids.

55
Q

What are monosaccharides? Give 3 examples

A

They are simple sugars

ex. glucose, fructose, galactose

56
Q

What forms can monosaccharides exist in?

A

linear or cyclic

57
Q

Why do we need monosaccharides?

A

They are produced and metabolized for energy

58
Q

What are disaccharides and how are they formed?

A

Two monosaccharides bonded together through dehydration synthesis.

59
Q

How does dehydration synthesis work?

A

A water molecule is removed, breaking a bond.

60
Q

Give three examples of disaccharides and how they are formed

A

glucose + fructose make sucrose
glucose + galactose make lactose
glucose + glucose make maltose

61
Q

What is hydrolysis?

A

The opposite of dehydration synthesis. Requires the addition of water and is catalyzed by enzymes.
Part of chemical digestion of only carbohydrates
Occurs in the mouth and duodenum

62
Q

What are polysaccharides?

A

Monosaccharides linked together in long chains.

63
Q

Give three examples of polysaccharides and their function

A

Cellulose (structural for plants, can’t be digested by humans)
Starch (glucose storage in plants)
Glycogen (animal storage for glucose)

64
Q

What are the components of starch? Which is the primary component?

A

amylose *primary component

amyloid pectin

65
Q

What must happen for polysaccharides and disaccharides to release stored energy?

A

They must be hydrolyzed

66
Q

What is the pH of the stomach?

A

2

67
Q

What is secretin? What does it do and how and why?

A

A hormone that travels through the bloodstream to the pancreas, makes the pancreas add HCO3 1- to pancreatic juice so that the amylase is at the right pH (8-9 in the duodenum)

68
Q

Where is the epithelium?

A

In the mucosa layer

69
Q

What needs to be emulsified?

A

lipids

70
Q

What are the two functional categories of lipids?

A

Storage lipids and membrane lipids

71
Q

Explain the two functional categories of lipids

A

Storage lipids contain up to 6X more energy than glycogen (carbohydrates), are typically non-polar, and store energy.
Membrane lipids are usually packed into bilayers which have polar and non-polar regions.

72
Q

What is the basic structure of a lipid?

A

3 fatty acids are covalently bonded to 1 glycerol to form a triglyceride.

73
Q

List the types of lipids

A 
Triglycerides
Phospholipids
Cholesterol (2 types) (building block for many hormones)
Steroids (also related to hormones)
Waxes
74
Q

What are saturated fatty acids?

A

Fatty acids that have no double bonds between carbons. They stack together nicely and are solids and room temperature. Found in animal fats.

75
Q

What are unsaturated fatty acids?

A

Fatty acids that have double bonds between Carbons, the higher % of double bonds, the healthier the fat is. They are liquid at room temperature and found in plants.

76
Q

How are triglycerides formed?

A

Dehydration synthesis

77
Q

Where are phospholipids found?

A

In membrane lipids

78
Q

What is the basic structure of a phospholipid?

A

The third Carbon of the glycerol is occupied by a phosphate rather than a fatty acid (2 f.a.’s and a PO4-Alcohol all bonded to a glycerol backbone)

79
Q

What is the structure of cholesterol/steroids?

A

4 linked carbon rings

80
Q

Where are cholesterol and steroids found?

A

Animal cell membranes

81
Q

Where are cholesterol and steroids synthesized?

A

In the liver from saturated fatty acids

82
Q

What disease is associated with high concentration of cholesterol?

A

Atherosclerosis (when someone gets fat deposits of the vessels)

83
Q

What is the goal for digestion of lipids?

A

End result of glycerol and fatty acids that can be absorbed into the body

84
Q

Is there chemical digestion of lipids in the mouth or stomach? If so, what?

A

NOOOOOOOOO

85
Q

What is the first step of digestion of lipids in the duodenum?

A

emulsification

86
Q

What stimulates bile production by the liver?

A

Parasympathetic impulses along vagus nerves

87
Q

What do fatty acids and amino acids in chyme stimulate when they enter the duodenum?

A

The secretion of cholecystokinin

Acidic chyme entering the duodenum simulates the secretion of secretin into blood

88
Q

What is the full name of CCK, what is it, what does it do, and how is its secretion stimulated?

A

CCK is cholecystokinin
It is a hormone
It causes the contraction of the gall bladder
It is stimulated by fatty acids and amino acids entering the duodenum

89
Q

What does secretin do?

A

Enhances flow of bile rich in HCO3- from liver

90
Q

What does bile do?

A

Emulsifies fats (mechanical digestion), resulting in a higher SA for lipase to work.

IB Bio 20 (3 decks)

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