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PACES > Differentials for presenting > Flashcards

Differentials for presenting Flashcards

1
Q

Neuro: predominant motor loss, UMN pattern, unilateral

A

Stroke
SOL
Abscess
Cord hemisection

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2
Q

Neuro: predominant motor loss, UMN pattern, bilateral

A

Hereditary spastic paraparesis

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3
Q

Neuro: predominant motor loss, LMN pattern, assymetric

A

Mononeuritis multiplex

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4
Q

Neuro: predominant motor loss, distal

A

MND
Myotonic dystrophy
Polio
Syringomyelia
Variant GBS

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5
Q

Chorea

A

Huntington’s
Sydenham’s
OCP
Pregnancy
Polycythaemia
Wilson’s/ Freidrich’s/ SCA
Stroke

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6
Q

Neuro: predominant motor loss, proximal

A

Anterior horn cells: polio, SMA, ALS
Nerve root
Peripheral nerve
NMJ: MG/LEMS
Muscle: ETOH, PMR, Drugs- statins, Hypothyroidism, Cushing’s Dermato/polymyositis,
Muscular dystrophies

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7
Q

Neuro: predominant sensory loss, distal, symmetrical

A

ETOH
DM
Drugs- vincristine

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8
Q

Neuro: mixed sensory and motor distal peripheral neuropathy

A

GBS
CES
CMT
DM
ETOH
CIDP
Paraneoplastic

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9
Q

Neuro: cerebellar signs

A

ETOH
Stroke
SOL
MS
Paraneoplastic
Freidrich’s ataxia, SCA, MSA
Wilson’s disease
Phenytoin
CJD

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10
Q

Neuro: tremor

A

PD
Meds- tacrolimus, AED’s
Essential tremor
Cerebellar disease
Thyrotoxicosis
ETOH withdrawal

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11
Q

Neuro: spastic paraparesis

A

Young -> old
CP
Freidrich’s ataxia
Hereditary spastic paraparesis
Trauma
MS/NMO
Spinal stroke
MND
Syringomyelia

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12
Q

Neuro: unilateral ptosis (and significance of pupil involvement)

A

Pupil involvement = concerning. Compression of sympathetic fibres running on outside of nerve
Horner’s syndrome (pupil involved- miosis)
3rd nerve palsy (pupil may or may not be involved- mydriasis)
Trauma
Aneurysm
Congenital
Miller Fisher syndrome
MG

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13
Q

Neuro: bilateral ptosis

A

MG
Myotonic dystrophy
FSHD
Mitochondrial disorder

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14
Q

Neuro: 3rd nerve palsy

A

Post communicating artery aneurysm
SOL
Cavernous sinus thrombosis
Demyelination
Infarct
DM
HTN
PAN
SLE

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15
Q

Neuro: 4th nerve palsy

A

Infarction
Demyelination
SOL
Aneurysm
Cavernous sinus thrombus

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16
Q

Neuro: 6th nerve palsy

A

Raised ICP (false localising sign)
Tumour
Infarct
Aneurysm
Sinus thrombus

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17
Q

Neuro: peripheral loss of vision

A

Cataracts
CRVO
Retinal detachment
RP
Ischaemic optic neuropathy
SOL (Pituitary adenoma)
Glaucoma

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18
Q

Neuro: central loss of vision

A

CRAO
Cataracts
Hypertensive retinopathy
Optic neuritis
Macula disease- diabetic maculopathy, ARMD

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19
Q

Neuro: causes of INO

A

MS
Stroke
Trauma
Sarcoid
SLE
PSP
SOL

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20
Q

Neuro: causes of RAPD

A

Any cause of optic neuropathy
GCA
MS/NMO
Stroke
Sarcoid/SLE/Sjogrens
SOL

21
Q

Neuro: causes of mixed UMN/LMN signs

A

MND
Freidrichs ataxia
Syringomyelia
Dual pathology

22
Q

Neuro: causes of a bulbar palsy

A

Brainstem stroke/SOL
ALS
Genetic (Kennedy’s disease)
GBS

23
Q

Neuro: causes of a pseudobulbar palsy

A

Bilateral CVAs affecting the internal capsule.
MS
MND
High brainstem tumours
Trauma

24
Q

Splenectomy

A

Trauma
Haematological malignancy
ITP
Haemoglobinopathies- spherocytosis, elliptocytosis, thalassaemia, sickle cell

25
Q

Splenomegaly

A

Haematological: CML, myelofibrosis, spherocytosis, elliptocytosis, thalassaemia, sickle cell, ITP, haemolytic anaemia
Infective: malaria, kala-azar, IE, CMV, EBV
Portal HTN
Felty’s syndrome
Infiltrative: amyloid, sarcoid

26
Q

Chronic liver disease

A

ALD
NAFLD
Chronic viral hepatitis B/C
Autoimmune hepatitis
PBC/PSC
A1AT
Wilson’s
Haemochromatosis

27
Q

Hepatomegaly

A

Cirrhotic- ALD, NAFLD
Congestive- CCF, budd-chiari
Cancer- metastases/HCC
Immune- PBC, PSC, AIH
Infiltrative- sarcoid, amyloid
Infective- IE, CMV, EBV, malaria, Hep B/C

28
Q

Hepatosplenomegaly

A

portal HTN
Infective: IE, EBV, CMV, malaria, kala-azar
Infiltrative: amyloid, sarcoid
Haem: CML, myelofibrosis

29
Q

Liver transplant

A

Cirrhosis- ALD, NAFLD
Acute hepatic failure - viral hep, paracetamol
HCC

30
Q

Most common reasons for renal transplant

A

Diabetes
Hypertension
ADPKD
Chronic glomerulonephritis

31
Q

Ballotable kidneys

A

ADPKD
Malignancy
Other cystic renal disease
Hydronephrosis

32
Q

Things to mention with renal transplant

A

Functioning or not
Other current/old methods of RRT
Aetiology of transplant
Complications of immunosuppression
Fluid status

33
Q

Basal lung crackles

A

ILD
Bronchiectasis- mixed insp/exp and move on coughing
Fluid overload

34
Q

Thoracotomy scar

A

Lobectomy or pneumonectomy
Biopsy
Pleurodhesis
Wedge resection

35
Q

Lung transplant

A

CF
Bronchiectasis
ILD
Pulmonary vascular disease
COPD

36
Q

Lobectomy

A

NSCLC
Aspergilloma
TB
Bullectomy
Vascular malformation
PTX

37
Q

Pneumonectomy

A

NSCLC
COPD
Cancer
TB
Aspergilloma
Abscess
CF
PTX

38
Q

Pleural effusion

A

Transudate: CCF, hypothyroidism, Meig’s syndrome, renal failure
Exudate: cancer, TB, PE, empyema, parapneumonic effusion, RA, SLE, sarcoid
Haemothorax
Chylothorax

39
Q

Systolic murmur

A

AS
PS
MR
TR
VSD
HCM
ASD

40
Q

Diastolic murmur

A

AR
PR
MS
TS

41
Q

Sternotomy scar

A

CABG
Valve surgery- repair, metallic/prosthetic replacement
Congenital fixation
Transplant

42
Q

Monoarthropathy

A

Septic arthritis
Gout
Pseudogout OA
Trauma

43
Q

Symmetric deforming polyarthropathy

A

RA
JIA
Psoriatic arthritis
Enteric arthritis

44
Q

Horner’s syndrome

A

FON: stroke, SOL, wallenbergs, syringomyelia, trauma, MS
SON: pancoast tumour, trauma
TON: cavernous sinus thrombus, carotid artery dissection

45
Q

Causes of homonomous hemianopia

A

Vascular- ischaemic or haemorrhagic (MCA or POCS)
SOL
Trauma
MS
Encephalitis
Abscess
CJD

46
Q

Bitemporal hemianopia

A

SOL- pituitary adenoma
Craniopharyngioma, meningioma
ACA aneurysm

47
Q

MCA stroke

A

Higher cortical dysfunction eg neglect, dysphasia
Contralateral homonomous hemianopia
Contralateral hemisensory loss or weakness

48
Q

ACA stroke

A

Dysarthria
Contralateral hemiplegia and minimal sensory loss

49
Q

POCS

A

Isolated homonomous hemianopia
Brainstorm or cerebellar syndromes

PACES (2 decks)

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