Differentials for presenting Flashcards
Neuro: predominant motor loss, UMN pattern, unilateral
Stroke
SOL
Abscess
Cord hemisection
Neuro: predominant motor loss, UMN pattern, bilateral
Hereditary spastic paraparesis
Neuro: predominant motor loss, LMN pattern, assymetric
Mononeuritis multiplex
Neuro: predominant motor loss, distal
MND
Myotonic dystrophy
Polio
Syringomyelia
Variant GBS
Chorea
Huntington’s
Sydenham’s
OCP
Pregnancy
Polycythaemia
Wilson’s/ Freidrich’s/ SCA
Stroke
Neuro: predominant motor loss, proximal
Anterior horn cells: polio, SMA, ALS
Nerve root
Peripheral nerve
NMJ: MG/LEMS
Muscle: ETOH, PMR, Drugs- statins, Hypothyroidism, Cushing’s Dermato/polymyositis,
Muscular dystrophies
Neuro: predominant sensory loss, distal, symmetrical
ETOH
DM
Drugs- vincristine
Neuro: mixed sensory and motor distal peripheral neuropathy
GBS
CES
CMT
DM
ETOH
CIDP
Paraneoplastic
Neuro: cerebellar signs
ETOH
Stroke
SOL
MS
Paraneoplastic
Freidrich’s ataxia, SCA, MSA
Wilson’s disease
Phenytoin
CJD
Neuro: tremor
PD
Meds- tacrolimus, AED’s
Essential tremor
Cerebellar disease
Thyrotoxicosis
ETOH withdrawal
Neuro: spastic paraparesis
Young -> old
CP
Freidrich’s ataxia
Hereditary spastic paraparesis
Trauma
MS/NMO
Spinal stroke
MND
Syringomyelia
Neuro: unilateral ptosis (and significance of pupil involvement)
Pupil involvement = concerning. Compression of sympathetic fibres running on outside of nerve
Horner’s syndrome (pupil involved- miosis)
3rd nerve palsy (pupil may or may not be involved- mydriasis)
Trauma
Aneurysm
Congenital
Miller Fisher syndrome
MG
Neuro: bilateral ptosis
MG
Myotonic dystrophy
FSHD
Mitochondrial disorder
Neuro: 3rd nerve palsy
Post communicating artery aneurysm
SOL
Cavernous sinus thrombosis
Demyelination
Infarct
DM
HTN
PAN
SLE
Neuro: 4th nerve palsy
Infarction
Demyelination
SOL
Aneurysm
Cavernous sinus thrombus
Neuro: 6th nerve palsy
Raised ICP (false localising sign)
Tumour
Infarct
Aneurysm
Sinus thrombus
Neuro: peripheral loss of vision
Cataracts
CRVO
Retinal detachment
RP
Ischaemic optic neuropathy
SOL (Pituitary adenoma)
Glaucoma
Neuro: central loss of vision
CRAO
Cataracts
Hypertensive retinopathy
Optic neuritis
Macula disease- diabetic maculopathy, ARMD
Neuro: causes of INO
MS
Stroke
Trauma
Sarcoid
SLE
PSP
SOL
Neuro: causes of RAPD
Any cause of optic neuropathy
GCA
MS/NMO
Stroke
Sarcoid/SLE/Sjogrens
SOL
Neuro: causes of mixed UMN/LMN signs
MND
Freidrichs ataxia
Syringomyelia
Dual pathology
Neuro: causes of a bulbar palsy
Brainstem stroke/SOL
ALS
Genetic (Kennedy’s disease)
GBS
Neuro: causes of a pseudobulbar palsy
Bilateral CVAs affecting the internal capsule.
MS
MND
High brainstem tumours
Trauma
Splenectomy
Trauma
Haematological malignancy
ITP
Haemoglobinopathies- spherocytosis, elliptocytosis, thalassaemia, sickle cell
Splenomegaly
Haematological: CML, myelofibrosis, spherocytosis, elliptocytosis, thalassaemia, sickle cell, ITP, haemolytic anaemia
Infective: malaria, kala-azar, IE, CMV, EBV
Portal HTN
Felty’s syndrome
Infiltrative: amyloid, sarcoid
Chronic liver disease
ALD
NAFLD
Chronic viral hepatitis B/C
Autoimmune hepatitis
PBC/PSC
A1AT
Wilson’s
Haemochromatosis
Hepatomegaly
Cirrhotic- ALD, NAFLD
Congestive- CCF, budd-chiari
Cancer- metastases/HCC
Immune- PBC, PSC, AIH
Infiltrative- sarcoid, amyloid
Infective- IE, CMV, EBV, malaria, Hep B/C
Hepatosplenomegaly
portal HTN
Infective: IE, EBV, CMV, malaria, kala-azar
Infiltrative: amyloid, sarcoid
Haem: CML, myelofibrosis
Liver transplant
Cirrhosis- ALD, NAFLD
Acute hepatic failure - viral hep, paracetamol
HCC
Most common reasons for renal transplant
Diabetes
Hypertension
ADPKD
Chronic glomerulonephritis
Ballotable kidneys
ADPKD
Malignancy
Other cystic renal disease
Hydronephrosis
Things to mention with renal transplant
Functioning or not
Other current/old methods of RRT
Aetiology of transplant
Complications of immunosuppression
Fluid status
Basal lung crackles
ILD
Bronchiectasis- mixed insp/exp and move on coughing
Fluid overload
Thoracotomy scar
Lobectomy or pneumonectomy
Biopsy
Pleurodhesis
Wedge resection
Lung transplant
CF
Bronchiectasis
ILD
Pulmonary vascular disease
COPD
Lobectomy
NSCLC
Aspergilloma
TB
Bullectomy
Vascular malformation
PTX
Pneumonectomy
NSCLC
COPD
Cancer
TB
Aspergilloma
Abscess
CF
PTX
Pleural effusion
Transudate: CCF, hypothyroidism, Meig’s syndrome, renal failure
Exudate: cancer, TB, PE, empyema, parapneumonic effusion, RA, SLE, sarcoid
Haemothorax
Chylothorax
Systolic murmur
AS
PS
MR
TR
VSD
HCM
ASD
Diastolic murmur
AR
PR
MS
TS
Sternotomy scar
CABG
Valve surgery- repair, metallic/prosthetic replacement
Congenital fixation
Transplant
Monoarthropathy
Septic arthritis
Gout
Pseudogout OA
Trauma
Symmetric deforming polyarthropathy
RA
JIA
Psoriatic arthritis
Enteric arthritis
Horner’s syndrome
FON: stroke, SOL, wallenbergs, syringomyelia, trauma, MS
SON: pancoast tumour, trauma
TON: cavernous sinus thrombus, carotid artery dissection
Causes of homonomous hemianopia
Vascular- ischaemic or haemorrhagic (MCA or POCS)
SOL
Trauma
MS
Encephalitis
Abscess
CJD
Bitemporal hemianopia
SOL- pituitary adenoma
Craniopharyngioma, meningioma
ACA aneurysm
MCA stroke
Higher cortical dysfunction eg neglect, dysphasia
Contralateral homonomous hemianopia
Contralateral hemisensory loss or weakness
ACA stroke
Dysarthria
Contralateral hemiplegia and minimal sensory loss
POCS
Isolated homonomous hemianopia
Brainstorm or cerebellar syndromes
