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Presentations (Matt) > Differentials > Flashcards

Differentials Flashcards

1
Q

A patient presents with chest pain. What are the most common causes? What are the life-threatening causes?

A

Common: GAP (GORD, angina, pneumonia)

Life-threatening: AMI, tamponade, PE, tension pneumothorax, oesophageal rupture, aortic dissection/rupture

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2
Q

A patient presents with chest pain. List some of the less common causes

A

Pericarditis
Pneumothorax, empyema, bronchiectasis, TB, lung cancer
Oesophageal spasm/itis/tear, PUD, gastritis, pancreatitis
Costochondritis, rib fracture

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3
Q

A patient presents with LOC. What are the most common causes? What are the life threatening causes?

A

Common: hypovolaemia, anaemia, hypoglycaemia, vasovagal

Life-threatening: acute coronary syndrome, HT cardiomyopathy, cardiac tamponade, PE,

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4
Q

A patient presents with LOC. List some less common causes

A

Aortic stenosis, constrictive pericarditis, arrhythmias
Hypoxia/hypercapnoea
Stroke/TIA, migraine, seizure
Drugs (anti-HTs, anti-arrhythmics, diuretics)

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5
Q

A patient presents with local oedema of the lower limb. What are some causes?

A

Inflammation/infection

DVT, venous insufficiency

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6
Q

A patient presents with local oedema of the lower limb. What are some causes?

A

Inflammation/infection

DVT, venous insufficiency

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7
Q

A patient presents with generalised oedema. What are the common causes? What are the life-threatening causes?

A

Common: cardiac failure, fluid overload (e.g. iatrogenic), liver cirrhosis
Life-threatening: severe sepsis

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8
Q

A patient presents with generalised oedema. What are some less common causes?

A

Drugs (CCBs)
Nephrotic syndrome, malnutrition
Hypothyroidism, exogenous steroids, pregnancy, oestrogens

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9
Q

A patient presents with palpitations. What are the common causes? What can’t be missed?

A

Common: arrhythmias, valvular heart disease, thyrotoxicosis, anaemia
Life-threatening: VT, HT-cardiomyopathy

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10
Q

A patient presents with palpitations. What are some of the less common causes?

A

Hypoglycaemia, phaeochromocytomas
Fever
Drugs (stimulants, anticholinergics)
Panic attack

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11
Q

A patient presents with dyspnoea. What are the common causes? What are the life-threatening causes?

A

Common: congestive heart failure, asthma

Life-threatening: AMI, tamponade, ARDS, PE

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12
Q

A patient presents with dyspnoea. What are some of the less common causes?

A

Arrhythmias, valvular disease, constrictive pericarditis
COPD exacerbation, URT obstruction (mucus, FB), pneumonia, interstitial lung disease, pulmonary HT, pneumothorax, pleural effusion
C-spine injury, myasthenia gravis, Guillain-Barre, kyphoscoliosis
Anxiety
Anaemia, acidosis, hypercapnia

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13
Q

A patient presents with dyspnoea. What are some of the less common causes?

A

Arrhythmias, valvular disease, constrictive pericarditis
COPD exacerbation, URT obstruction (mucus, FB), pneumonia, interstitial lung disease, pulmonary HT, pneumothorax, pleural effusion
C-spine injury, myasthenia gravis, Guillain-Barre, kyphoscoliosis
Anxiety
Anaemia, acidosis, hypercapnia

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14
Q

A patient presents with nausea and vomiting. What are the differentials?

A

With pain: gastric outlet/small bowel obstruction, GORD, gallbladder disease, pancreatitis, AMI, hepatitis, gastroenteritis
Without pain: cerebral tumour, migraine, vestibular disturbance, increased ICP, uraemia, drugs, pregnancy, ketoacidosis

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15
Q

A patient presents with dysphagia. What are the differentials?

A

Solids only: peptic stricture, eosinophilic oesophagitis, extrinisic compression
Solids and liquids: achalasia, oesophageal spasm, scleroderma

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16
Q

A patient presents with abdominal distention. What are the differentials?

A

Fat
Faeces - constipation, colonic obstruction, dysmotility (ileus)
Fetus - pregnancy
Flatus - IBS, lactose intolerance, chewing gum
Fluid - cirrhosis, cardiac failure, hepatic vein thrombosis, cancer, pancreatitis, TB
Fatal growth - large tumours

17
Q

A patient presents with acute diarrhoea. What are the differentials?

A

Bacterial/protozoal/viral infection

NSAIDs, antibiotics, laxatives, antacids (Mg), IBD, ischaemic bowel

18
Q

A patient presents with acute diarrhoea. What are the differentials?

A

Bacterial/protozoal/viral infection

NSAIDs, antibiotics, laxatives, antacids (Mg), IBD, ischaemic bowel

19
Q

A patient presents with chronic diarrhoea. What are the differentials?

A

Inflammatory: IBD, infection, ischaemic bowel, cancer
Secretory: ileal resection/cholecystectomy (bile salts), bacterial toxins, vasculitis, cancer, Addison’s
Steatorrhoeic: coeliac, chronic pancreatitis/cholestasis

20
Q

A patient presents with constipation. What are the differentials?

A

Colorectal cancer, stricture/compression, medications (narcotics, CCBs), diabetes/thyroid disease, Parkinson’s, MS, stroke, scleroderma

21
Q

A patient presents with dyspepsia. What are the differentials?

A

Peptic ulcer, GORD, angina, Crohn’s, cancer, gallstones

22
Q

A patient presents with haematemesis/melaena. What are the differentials?

A

Peptic ulcers, varices, Mallory-Weiss, erosive oesophagitis/gastritis, tumours

23
Q

A patient presents with rectal bleeding. What are the differentials?

A

Diverticulosis, bowel ischaemia, haemorrhoids, fissures, ulcers, IBD

24
Q

A patient presents with rectal bleeding. What are the differentials?

A

Diverticulosis, bowel ischaemia, haemorrhoids, fissures, ulcers, IBD

25
Q

A patient presents with jaundice. What are the differentials?

A

Conjugated: cirrhosis, cholangitis, post-op, gallstones, biliary stricture, parasites, malignancy (pancreatic, biliary), pancreatitis
Unconjugated: haemolysis, Gilbert’s syndrome

26
Q

A patient presents with haematemesis/melaena. What are the differentials?

A

Peptic ulcers, varices, Mallory-Weiss, erosive oesophagitis/gastritis, tumours

27
Q

A patient presents with rectal bleeding. What are the differentials?

A

Diverticulosis, bowel ischaemia, haemorrhoids, fissures, ulcers, IBDs

28
Q

A patient presents with jaundice. What are the differentials?

A

Conjugated: cirrhosis, cholangitis, post-op, gallstones, biliary stricture, parasites, malignancy (pancreatic, biliary), pancreatitis
Unconjugated: haemolysis, Gilbert’s syndrome

29
Q

A patient presents with upper abdominal pain. What are some differentials?

A

Hepatobiliary: biliary colic, cholecystitis, cholangitis, gallstones, hepatitis
GI: pancreatitis, gastritis, GORD/oesophagitis, PUD
GU: nephrolithiasis, pyelonephritis
Cardio: AMI, CHF, pericarditis, ruptured AAA
Resp: pneumonia, pleural effusion, empyema, pleuritis
Misc: splenic infarct, costochondritis

30
Q

A patient presents with lower abdominal pain. What are some differentials?

A

GI: appendicitis, diverticulitis, Crohn’s, hernia, volvulus, cancer
Gynae: ectopic, PID, endometriosis, salpingitis
GU: cystitis, epididymitis, testicular torsion
Extraperitoneal: psoas abscess

31
Q

A patient presents with diffuse abdominal pain. What are the differentials?

A

GI: peritonitis, early/perforated appendicitis, mesenteric ischaemia, gastroenteritis, constipation, bowel obstruction
Cardio: ruptured AAA
GU/gynae: ruptured ectopic, PID
Endocrine: DKA, hypercalcaemia

32
Q

A patient presents with diffuse abdominal pain. What are the differentials?

A

GI: peritonitis, early/perforated appendicitis, mesenteric ischaemia, gastroenteritis, constipation, bowel obstruction
Cardio: ruptured AAA
GU/gynae: ruptured ectopic, PID
Endocrine: DKA, hypercalcaemia

33
Q

A patient presents with haemoptysis. What are the differentials?

A

Airways: bronchitis, bronchiectasis, cancer
Parenchyma: pneumonia, TB, lung abscess
Vascular: PE, vasculitis

34
Q

A patient presents with cough. What are the differentials?

A

Irritants: smoke, postnasal drip, aspiration (GORD, FB)
Airways: URTI, bronchitis, bronchiectasis, COPD, cancer, asthma
Parenchyma: pneumonia, abscess
Cardiac: congestive cardiac failure
Drugs: ACEIs

Presentations (Matt) (1 decks)

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