DIFFERENT TECHNIQUES Flashcards
ARTIFACTS THAT MAYBE MISTAKEN FOR PARASITE
PLANT CELL
VEGETABLE FIBER
MEAT FIBER
VEGETABLE HAIR\
POLLEN GRAINS
VEGETABLE SPIRALIS
STARCH GRANULES
BUBBLES
IN STOOL EXAMINATION THERE ARE 2 TYPES
QUANTITATIVE TECHNIQUE \
QUALITATIVE TECHNIQUE
IN QUALITATIVE TECHNIQUE THERE ARE 2 TYPES
UNCONCENTRATION TECHNIQUE
CONCENTRATION TECHNIQUE
UNCONCENTRATION TECHNIQUE UNDER
SIMPLE SMEAR
2 TYPES OF CONCENTRATION TECHNIQUE
FLOTATION TECHNIQUE
SEDIMENTATION TECHNIQUE
UNDER OF FLOTATION TECHNIQUE
Brine flotation
Sugar flotation
Zinc- sulfate flotation
UNDER OF SEDIMENTATION TECHNIQUE
Simple sedimentation
Centrifugal sedimentation
Formalin ether concentration technique
are hexogonal bipyramidal structures localized in the primary granules of the cytoplasm of eosinophils and basophils
Charcot Leyden crystal
their presence, along with eosinophilic infiltrate, is an indirect evidence of parasitic infestation, particulary with
Toxocara, capilliriasis, ascariasis or fasciola
are formed from the?
breakdown/ disintegration of eosinophils
and maybe seen in the stool or sputum of patients with
parasitic diseases
indicate inflammation
PMNs
indicate immune response to a parasitic infection
eosinophils
ulcerations or bleeding
red blood cells
phagocytes, active macropahage can be mistaken for amebic trophozoites
macropahages
released with the disintegration of eosinophils , may indicate presence of hypertensitivity or arasitic ingfections, especially amebiasis
Charcot Leyden crystals
Fungal spores from blank, yeast and yeast-like fungi
Candida spp
sodium hydroxide + blank of stool specimen
4g
eggs counted x blank x factor = number of eggs per gram
200
factor will depend on stool consistency
hard (x1)
mushy (x2)
loose (x3)
liquid (x4)
do not use this technique in
liquid stool
used to isolate
schistosoma spp
look for the bkank (first ova larva)
Maracidium
provide the ability to detect small numberd of parasites that might not be dtected using direct wet preparation
concentration techniques
to aggregate parasites present into a small volume of the sample and to remove as much debris
purpose
to aggregate parasites present into a small volume of the sample and to remove as much debris
purpose
protozoan blank do not usually survive the procedure
trophozoites
concentration can separate protozoan cysts and helminth eggs from a larger amount of stool usually what gram in amount? based on differences in specific gravity
1 gram
2 types of concentration methods
sedementation
flotation
parasites are concentrated in the sediment of the tube following centrifugation and the sediment is examined microscopically
sedimentation
parasites are less dense than the solutions used and , during centrifugation they float to the surface
flotation
most widely used
formalinethyl acetate sedimentation
procedure in formalin ethyl acetate sedimentation
- ethyl acetate is added to a saline washed formalin fixed sample and the tube is then centrifuged
- The tube is then decanted and the sediment is examined in a wet prep, unstained (i.e with saline) and with iodine
parasite are blank than the solution and settle in the sediment of the tube, whereas fecal debris is usually lighter and rises to the upper layer of the test tube
heavier
advatange of formalin ethyl acetate sedimentation
provides good recovery of most parasites and iiis easy to perform
disadvantage of formalin ethyl acetate sedimentation
the preparation contains more fecal debris than a flotation technique and is more challenging to the microspist
kato thick
qualitative examination
kato katz
quantitaive examination
debris is heavy and sinks to the blank of the test tube and potential parasites are lighter and float toward the top of the tube
bottom
advantage of zinc sulfate flotation method
more fecal debris is removed yields a cleaner preparations easier for microscopic examination
disadvantage of zinc sulfate flotation method
some helminth eggs are very dense and will not float, therfore some parasites will be missed
in surface fil what parasite
light
in the sediment what parasite
heavy
stools are directly mixed with ?
brine
it is need to centrifuge in brine solution or not?
no need
it is lost cost and simple in brine solution or not?
lost cost and simple
not useful for blank
operculated eggs
is like hookworm and schistosma become badly shrunken in this technique
helmith eggs
solution preserved with phenol
boiled sugar
best for the recovery of mainly cryptosporidiu, cyclospora, and cystisospora
coccidian oocysts
used to isolate
schitodoms spp (mansoni)
look for the ( first stage larva)
miracidium
final procedure in the ova and parasite examination
permanent stained smear
microscope slide that contains a fixed sample that has been dried and subsequently stained
permanent stained smear
microscope slide that contains a fixed sample that has been dried and subsequently stained
permanent stained smear
Helminth eggs or larvae are best dtetcted and identified using a ? technique
concentration
prepared slide of see-through thickness made from a PVA- preservced sample for permanent staining
thinly
slides are reviewed under
oil immersion (100x)
? are reviewed before the slide can be considered ?
300 fields
negative
most widely used permanent stain
wheatley trichrome stain
reveals excellent morphology of the intestinal protozoa
Iron hematoxylin stain
important permanent stain procedure for the detection of the oocycts of ?, as well as those of ? and ?
cryptosporidium
isospora
cyclospora
modified acid fast stain incorporates a ? step
carbol
this allows for the detection of acid fast parasites in addition to the other protozoa normally recovered using the iron hematoxylin stain
modified acid fast stain
kits with monoclonal antibody
detects antigens in specimens
alternative tests
preserved stool
unacceptable
purpose of stool culture
to differentiate ? and ?
larvahookworm
strongyloides
true or false
stool should not refrigerated because some species failed to develop when exposed to cold temperature
true
or test tube culture method
harada mori
filariform larvae generally moves downward against capillary movement collected water
hookworm
larvae move upward accumulate in upper part of filter paper
strongyloides stercoralis
positive stool are ixed with moistened soil or granulated charcoal
larvae harvested in Baermann procedure
capro culture
protozoan that may be cultured
entamoeba species
acanthamoeba species
entamoeba histolytica
naegleria fowleri
toxoplasma gondii
trichomonas vaginalis
culture media for protozoan culture
Boeck Drbohrlv media
Cleveland Collier
McQuay Diphasic charcoal media
Balamuth (nutrient fluid)
Diamond media- diphasic media
Novy Mcheal Nicole medi/ NNN for Leishmania spp and trypanosoma spp
