Diet-Related Health Problems And Modified Diets

Question 1

Define osteoporosis.

2

Answer 1

Osteoporosis is a skeletal disease in which the bones become thin and porous due to a loss in bone mass.

This results in fragile and brittle bones.

Question 2

Define peak bone mass.

2

Answer 2

When bones have reached their maximum strength and density

90% of bone mass is acquired by age 18 in girls and by age 20 in boys.

Question 3

Define obesity.

Answer 3

Obesity is a condition where an individual’s weight is 20% or more over their recommended weight, based on their height

Question 4

Define coronary heart disease.

3

Answer 4

Coronary heart disease occurs when the walls of the coronary arteries (the arteries that supply the wall of the heart with blood) narrow due to a build-up of cholesterol

This slowly blocks the flow of oxygen-rich blood through the coronary arteries to the heart

Blockage of arteries is known as arteriosclerosis

Question 5

Define diabetes mellitus.

2

Answer 5

Diabetes mellitus is an endocrine disorder associated with abnormally high levels of glucose in the blood

This happens because the pancreas does not produce enough insulin, or the insulin produced is ineffective

Question 6

Define insulin dependent diabetes (IDD)/Type 1 diabetes.

5

Answer 6

The pancreas does not produce insulin

Often hereditary

Develops before the age of forty, usually during childhood, adolescence and young adulthood

Controlled by injecting insulin and by diet and exercise

Cannot be reversed

Question 7

Define non-insulin dependent diabetes (NIDD)/Type 2 diabetes.
(4)

Answer 7

The pancreas produces insulin that cannot be used by the body

Develops mainly during later adulthood - after the age of 40 but more common over 60 - especially among overweight adults

Controlled by oral medication or injectable insulin and by diet and exercise, or by diet and exercise alone

Can be reversed when a person loses a significant amount of their body weight

Question 8

Define gestational diabetes.

4

Answer 8

Some women develop this when they are pregnant

It results in oversized babies

Symptoms disappear after the birth of the baby

A person who develops this has a one in two chance of developing type 2 later in life

Question 9

Define hypoglycaemia.

5

Answer 9

Occurs when a person’s blood sugar level drops

Blood sugar level below four

Caused by too much insulin or consuming too few carbohydrates

Glucose intake is required to prevent a diabetic coma

Symptoms = paleness, blurred vision and dizziness, feeling light headed, confusion, clammy skin

Question 10

Define hyperglycaemia.

5

Answer 10

Occurs when a person’s blood sugar level rises (7.9 and up)

Caused by too little insulin or consuming too many carbohydrates

Above 15 causes a coma

Insulin is required to prevent a coma

Symptoms = tiredness, excessive thirst, frequent urge to urinate, high temperature, deep + loud breathing

Question 11

Define plaque.

3

Answer 11

Plaque is the main cause of dental disease

It is composed of bacteria, food and saliva, which form a coating on the outside of teeth and gums

If plaque is allowed to remain, it can lead to periodontal disease and dental cavities/tooth decay

Question 12

Define periodontal disease.

4

Answer 12

Gum disease - gums receed backwards

Occurs when plaque builds up along the gum line

Bacteria in the plaque produce toxins, causing inflammation of the gums and destruction of the bone that holds teeth in place

Over time, teeth become loose and may have to removed or may fall out

Question 13

Define dental cavities/tooth decay.

4

Answer 13

Occurs when plaque is allowed to remain on teeth

bacteria in the plaque react with food particles to produce an acid, which attacks the tooth enamel, weakening it

Over time a cavity (hole) will develop in the enamel, which eventually may expose the tooth’s nerve, causing a toothache

High sugar foods leads to excessive acid production

Question 14

Define coeliac disease.

3

Answer 14

Coeliac disease is an autoimmune condition that causes the immune system to mistake gluten as a threat to the body

This causes the body’s defence system to form antibodies that attack the villi on the internal surface of the small intestine

Damage to the villi disrupts the body’s ability to absorb any nutrients from food, leading to malnourishment

Question 15

What is a lacto-vegetarian?

Answer 15

Someone who includes milk and dairy products

No eggs, meat or fish

Question 16

What is a lacto-ovo vegetarian?

Answer 16

Include milk, dairy products and eggs

No meat or fish

Question 17

What is a pesco-vegetarian?

Answer 17

Include milk, dairy products, eggs and fish

No meat

Question 18

What is a pollo-vegetarian?

Answer 18

Include milk, dairy products, eggs and poultry

No red meat or fish

Question 19

What is a vegan?

Answer 19

Only plant-based foods

Question 20

What is a vegetarian?

6

Answer 20

A vegetarian is a person who lives primarily on a plant based diet

Lacto-vegetarians
Lacto-ovo vegetarians 
Pesco-vegetarian 
Pollo-vegetarian
Vegan