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Biology Mock AS1 > Diet & Health > Flashcards

Diet & Health Flashcards

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1
Q

what is CVD associated with

A

Atherosclerosis which is the formation of hard plaques in artery lining
Thrombosis blood clot formation

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2
Q

how does diet have a risk of CVD

A

diet high in saturated fat increases blood cholesterol levels increases atheroma formation and hence thrombosis

high salt increases blood pressure

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3
Q

how does high blood pressure have risk of CVD

A

increase risk of damage to artery walls increasing atheroma formation hence thrombosis

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4
Q

how does smoking have a risk of CVD

A

carbon monoxide combine w haemoglobin reducing oxygen capacity decreasing respiration in brain cells and heart leading to stroke or heart attack.

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5
Q

what are the medication for CVD

A

Antihypertensives

Statins

Anticoagulants

Platelet Inhibitors

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6
Q

What are Antihypertensives

A

lowering blood pressure reducing risk of arterial endothelial damage reducing risk of atheroma and thrombosis

Beta blockers vasodilators and diuretics

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7
Q

what do beta blockers do

A

prevent increases in heart rate

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8
Q

what do vasodilators do

A

increase the diameter of the blood vessels / prevent constriction of blood vessels

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9
Q

what do diuretics do

A

reduce blood volume by decreasing the amount of sodium reabsorbed into the blood by the kidneys, therefore decreasing the volume of water reabsorbed into the blood

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10
Q

What do statins do

A

lowering blood cholesterol
They block an enzyme in the liver which is needed to make cholesterol

lowers the LDL concentration in the blood therefore reducing the risk of atheroma formation

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11
Q

what do anticoagulants do

A

reduce blood clotting decreases the likelihood of thrombosis and therefore reduces the risk of blood vessels being blocked by blood clots

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12
Q

How do platelet inhibitors reduce risk of heart attack

A

reduce blood clotting prevent the clumping together of platelets, so preventing the formation of blood clots hence less likely blood flow to heart muscles will be blocked

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13
Q

what are the risks of antihypertensives

A

headaches drowsiness and swelling of feet and ankles

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14
Q

risks of statins

A

takes time to be effective.

must be long term and can cause muscle joint pain and liver damage.

nausea

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15
Q

risks of anticoagulants

A

excessive bleeding
fainting and swelling of tissues
dizziness

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16
Q

risks of platelet inhibitors

A

excessive bleeding case liver dysfunction
stomach bleeding

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17
Q

what is energy budget

A

amount of energy taken in by organism minus amount of energy the organism transfers during life processes

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18
Q

What are monosaccharides

A

a sugar/ monomers of carbohydrate, they join to make carbohydrate polymers

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19
Q

example of monosaccharide

A

glucose (hexose sugar) formes ring structure.
alpha (alpha) and beta (beta)
Alpha has the H Above
Beta has the H Below

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20
Q

what is the function of a monosaccharide

A

store energy within their bonds when broken during respiration energy is released. combine through condensation reactions to form larger carbohydrates.

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21
Q

how does the structure of glucose relate to its function

A

main energy store for animals and plants
It is soluble so can be transported easily
It has many covalent bonds which store energy

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22
Q

how can you make monosaccharides more suitable for storage

A

bonded together to form disaccharides and ploysaccharides

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23
Q

how are disaccharides and polysaccharides formed

A

when two hydroxyl (OH) groups on different monosaccharides interact to form a strong covalent bond called a glycosidic bond

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24
Q

what does every glycosidic bond result in

A

one water molecule being released, thus glycosidic bonds are formed by a condensation reaction

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25
Q

what happens when two molecules of glucose join

A

form maltose 1,4 glycosidic bonds

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26
Q

what happens when glucose join with fructose

A

to form sucrose 1,2 glycosidic bond

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27
Q

what happens when glucose join with galactose

A

form lactose 1,4 glycosidic bond

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28
Q

how can you break glycosidic bond

A

water is added in a hydrolysis reaction

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29
Q

what is a condensation reaction

A

Two monosaccharides can join together via condensation reactions to form disaccharides. glycosidic bond formed with a molecule of water released

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30
Q

what is the function of disaccharides

A

provide the body with a quick-release source of energy as disaccharides are made up of two sugar molecules so they’re easily broken down by enzymes

31
Q

why are disaccharides easily soluble

A

Due to the presence of a large number of hydroxyl groups, disaccharides are easily soluble in water these hydroxyl groups form hydrogen bonds with the water molecules

32
Q

explain structure of polysaccharide

A

repeated chains of many monosaccharides joined by glycosidic bonds in a condensation reaction

33
Q

what does branched polysaccharide lead to

A

Being branched increases the rate at which a polysaccharide can be broken down

34
Q

what does straight and coiled polysaccharide lead to

A

Being straight makes the molecules suitable for constructing cellular structures e.g. cellulose

Being coiled makes a molecule more compact and suitable for storage

35
Q

why are starch and glycogen useful as storage polysaccharides

A

Compact; large quantities can be stored

Insoluble; they will have no osmotic effect, unlike glucose which would increase the solute concentration of a cell and causing water to move in by osmosis

36
Q

why are starch and glycogen useful as storage polysaccharides

A

Compact; large quantities can be stored

Insoluble; they will have no osmotic effect, unlike glucose which would increase the solute concentration of a cell and causing water to move in by osmosis

37
Q

what is starch and how is it made in plants

A

a storage polysaccharide of plants
Plants make glucose during photosynthesis and the molecules of glucose are joined to make the polysaccharide starch.

38
Q

what is starch constructed from

A

amylose: unbranched helix chain with 1,4 glycosidic bonds between a-glucose.
amylopectin: branched molecule containing 1,4 glycosidic bonds between a-glucose molecules and 1,6 glycosidic bond.

easily hydrolysed for use during respiration

39
Q

what is glycogen

A

storage polysaccharide of animals and fungi
It is highly branched and not coiled
It contains both 1,4 and 1,6 glycosidic bonds

is compact which means that much can be stored in a small space

40
Q

which polysaccharide has helix shape

A

amylose

40
Q

what is the function of starch

A

storage polysaccharide of plants; it is stored as granules in plastids
amylose in starch is helical so very compact
amylopectin has branches that provide many glucose molecules that can be easily hydrolysed for respiration or added for storage

41
Q

function of glycogen

A

storage polysaccharide of animals/ more branched than amylopectin
which provides more glucose that can be added or removed by hydrolysis this allows quick storage or release of glucose

Glycogen is compact which means that much can be stored in a small space

42
Q

how are lipids different to carbohydrates

A

lipids contain a lower proportion of oxygen

43
Q

describe lipid and name one

A

Lipids are non-polar and hydrophobic

Triglycerides are a kind of lipid that forms the main component of fats and oils

43
Q

describe lipid and name on

A

Lipids are non-polar and hydrophobic

Triglycerides are a kind of lipid that forms the main component of fats and oils

44
Q

what are the monomers of triglyceride

A

glycerol and fatty acids
fatty acids contain methyl group known as R group and a carboxyl group RCOOH

45
Q

how can fatty acid vary

A

Length of the hydrocarbon chain (R group)
The fatty acid chain (R group) may be saturated (mainly in animal fat) or unsaturated (mainly vegetable oils

46
Q

what do saturated fatty acids contain

A

no carbon-carbon double bonds they form unbranched, linear chains

47
Q

what do lipids make up

A

Triglycerides are fats and oils
Fatty acid and glycerol molecules are the components that make up triglycerides

48
Q

how does an ester bond form

A

when a hydroxyl (-OH) group from glycerol bonds with the carboxyl (-COOH) group of the fatty acid

The formation of an ester bond is a condensation reaction
For each ester bond formed a water molecule is released
Three fatty acids join to one glycerol molecule to form a triglyceride
Therefore for one triglyceride to form, three water molecules are released

49
Q

what is cholesterol a type of

A

lipid produced in the body
Cholesterol is transported around the body as lipoproteins

50
Q

what does HDL contain and do

A

unsaturated fat, cholesterol, and protein
These moloecules transport cholesterol from body tissues to the liver to be recycled or excreted; they are responsible for reducing blood cholesterol levels when it is too high
HDLs are also thought to contribute to the removal of cholesterol from the fatty plaques that form during atherosclerosis

51
Q

What do LDL contain and do

A

LDLs contain saturated fat, cholesterol, and protein
The role of LDL is to move cholesterol from the liver into the bloodstream where it remains until it is required by the cells they increase blood cholesterol levels when it is too low

LDLs bind to receptors on cell surface membranes, enabling them to be taken up by the cells that need them and removing cholesterol from the blood

52
Q

what do high levels of LDL’s lead to

A

blockage of these membrane receptors, causing blood cholesterol to rise
Cholesterol contributes to the formation of plaques in the arteries

53
Q

how is vitamin c detected

A

titrating it against a solution of an oxidising agent called DCPIP
DCPIP is a blue dye that turns colourless in the presence of vitamin C

54
Q

method vitamin c detect

A

Make up a series. e.g. six, of known vitamin C concentrations

Use a measuring cylinder to measure out 1 cm3 of DCPIP solution into a test tube

Add one of the vitamin C solutions, drop by drop, to the DCPIP solution using a graduated pipette or burette

Shake the tube for a set period of time using a stop watch

55
Q

results of vitamin c experiment

A

The volume of vitamin C solution required to decolourise DCPIP should decrease as the concentration of the vitamin C solution increases

56
Q

why does high blood pressure increase risk of cardiovascular disease

A

high blood pressure causes damage to the endothelium ofthe arteries (1)
* inflammatory response / build-up of cholesterol leads tothe formation of an atheroma (1)
plaque develops and narrows the lumen

57
Q

describe how diagram would be different if one fatty acid was unsaturated

A

double bond between carbon atoms and a kink in the fatty acid chain

58
Q

how does structure of amylopectin and glycogen make suitable for storage

A

branched therefore can be rapidly hydrolysed (to release glucose)
(1)
ALLOW be brok ignore €
ALLOW space’
• compact so more (energy / glucose) can be stored

(1)
ALLOW
not affect w
• insoluble therefore does not affect osmosis

59
Q

how does the structure of glycogen allow it to be a energy store

A
  • polymer of glucose
  • to provide glucose for respiration
  • {branched / contains 1,6-glycosidic bonds / has many terminal ends} for rapid hydrolysis
  • compact to allow large amount (of glucose / energy) to be stored in a small space / insoluble therefore no osmotic effect on cells
60
Q

method to measure how the concentration of vitamin C changes during courses of a feed

A

5 samples of breast milk tested from different points of feed

titrate the DCPIP with milk samples. volume of breast milk taken to decolourise the DCPIP

make sure volume of DCPIP is controlled. Time taken for it to go from blue to colourless

use calibration curve to determine vitamin c concentration in each breast milk sample

repeat for concordinant results

61
Q

compare structure of disaccharide and glycogen

A

disaccharide formed from only one type of glycosidic bond but glycogen contain 1-4 and 1-6

glycogen is made from only glucose but disaccharide made from other monosaccharides

both contain Hydrogen, Oxygen, Carbon and both contain glycosidic bonds and glucose

62
Q

how does glucose move into cell by facilitated diffusion

A

via carrier proteins in the cell surface membrane that change shape once glucose binds to it moving it across the membrane from high concentration to low concentrations

63
Q

how is trehalose formed

A

two molecules of a-glucose form 1-1 glycosidic bond

64
Q

medical advice that could reduce risk of developing CVD for someone who doesn’t have high blood pressure

A

reduce energy intake / increase activity / follow calorie controlled diet / eq;
2. idea of change in balance of energy budget
lower {weight / BMI / obesity level / eq} / reduce risk of {atherosclerosis / diabetes / eq};

statins / sterols / reduce { cholesterol / saturated fats / eq} in diet / eq;
5. reduce blood cholesterol levels;
6. idea of reducing risk of atherosclerosis /eg;

eat more fruit / vegetable / vitamins / moderate alcohol intake / eq;
8. reference to antioxidants;
9. they protect against free radical damage / reduce damage to cells / eq

anticoagulants / platelet inhibitory drugs / warfarin / aspirin / eq;
11. prevent blood clot formation / eq;
12.reduces risk of blocking artery / eq;

65
Q

explain why the changes in pressure that occur in the left atrium and left ventricle are different

A

{pressure changes / maximum pressures} are smaller in the atrium than the ventricle / eq;
2. the atrium has less (cardiac) muscle than the ventricle;
3. the atrium does not have to push the blood as far as the ventricle has to / eq;
4. the increase in pressure happens in the atrium before the ventricle / eq;
5. idea that atrial systole has to happen before ventricular systole in order for the ventricle to fill with blood;
6. idea that increase in atrial pressure causes increase in {pressure / volume
} in ventricles;
7. appropriate reference to effect of atrioventricular valve (AV) (on pressure);

66
Q

explain how SAN ensures that oxygenated blood enters the Aorta

A

idea that initiates electrical activity over atria;
causes atria to contract / eq;
{forcing / eq} the (oxygenated) blood into the left ventricle / eq;
electrical activity from SAN {received by AVN / travels through {bundle of His / Purkyne fibres / eq
}};
causing left ventricle to contract (forcing blood into aorta) / eq;

67
Q

How can anticoagulants reduce effects of CVD

A

prevent the formation of a {blood clot / thrombus / embolism / eq} / eq;
. idea that it reduces ‘stickiness’ of platelets;
. idea that clotting factors {not synthesised / inhibited / eq};
idea that (risk of) blood vessels becoming blocked is reduced

68
Q

what is a biological catalyst

A

a protein made in organisms / cells that reduces activation energy

69
Q

why may prefer PGD over amniocentesis

A

fewer ethical issues (with PGD) as the embryo has not been implanted / amniocentesis carried out at a later stage (1)

  • no risk of miscarriage from PGD / risk of miscarriage from amniocentesis (1)
70
Q

One cause of coronary heart disease is atherosclerosis. Describe how
atherosclerosis develops.

A

damage to {endothelial cells / epithelial cells

/cells lining artery (wall)} ;
2. reference to inflammatory response ;
3. reference to (accumulation of) white blood
cells in (damaged area) ;
4. {build up / eq} of cholesterol (in damaged
area) ;
5. reference to build up of {calcium salts / fibrous
tissue / fibrin / platelets} ;
6. reference to formation of {atheroma /
plaque} ;
7. reference to {loss of elasticity (of artery) /
narrowing of lumen} / eq ;
8. idea that this process is self–perpetuating

71
Q

Explain how lowering blood cholesterol levels can reduce the risk of CVD.

A

(less) cholesterol (in blood) to build up on
artery (wall) / eq ;
2. less likely to develop atherosclerosis / eq ;

  1. credit correct reference to subsequent
    consequence of atherosclerosis e.g.
    narrowing of arteries,

Biology Mock AS1 (8 decks)

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