Diet During Prenatal And Lactation Flashcards
What is the significance of maternal nutrition?
Maternal nutrition is crucial for fetal development and long-term health, influencing susceptibility to chronic conditions in adulthood.
The concept of the Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (DOHaD) highlights this impact.
What are the key principles of a balanced diet during pregnancy?
Key principles include energy balance, nutrient density, and hydration. Caloric needs must align with gestational stages, prioritize whole foods, and drink 8–10 glasses of water daily.
What is the role of epigenetics in maternal nutrition?
Dietary factors like folate and choline can modify gene expression, impacting fetal organogenesis and metabolic programming.
What are the prepregnancy nutritional needs?
Folic acid (400–800 mcg/day), optimized BMI, and adequate iron stores (hemoglobin ≥12 g/dL) are essential to reduce risks of neural tube defects and preterm birth.
What lifestyle modifications should be made before pregnancy?
Smoking cessation, alcohol avoidance, and reducing caffeine intake to less than 200 mg/day are recommended.
What is the recommended weight gain during pregnancy for different BMI categories?
Underweight: 28–40 lbs, Normal Weight: 25–35 lbs, Overweight: 15–25 lbs, Obese: 11–20 lbs.
What are the trimester-specific caloric adjustments during pregnancy?
First Trimester: no extra calories needed; Second/Third Trimesters: +340–450 kcal/day.
What are the risks associated with excessive or inadequate weight gain during pregnancy?
Excessive gain is linked to gestational diabetes and cesarean delivery, while inadequate gain is associated with preterm birth and low birth weight.
What are the macronutrient requirements during pregnancy?
Protein: 71 g/day, Carbohydrates: 175 g/day minimum, Fats: DHA 200–300 mg/day for fetal brain development.
What are the micronutrient requirements during pregnancy?
Iron: 27 mg/day, Calcium: 1,000–1,300 mg/day, Zinc: 11–12 mg/day.
What vitamin requirements are there during pregnancy?
Vitamin A: 770 mcg RAE, Vitamin C: 85 mg/day, B12: 2.6 mcg, B6: 1.9 mg.
How can nausea and hyperemesis gravidarum be managed?
Management includes ginger (1–1.5 g/day), acupressure wristbands, and vitamin B6 (10–25 mg thrice daily).
What dietary strategies are recommended for gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM)?
Carbohydrate counting (30–45 g/meal) and low glycemic index foods are recommended.
What are the nutritional needs for adolescent pregnancies?
Adolescents require calcium (1,300 mg/day), iron supplements, and social support programs due to competing nutritional needs.
What are the caloric needs for multiple gestations?
+300 kcal/day per fetus, along with higher doses of iron (30–60 mg/day) and folate (1,000 mcg/day).
What are the benefits of breastfeeding for infants?
Breastfeeding reduces risks of NEC, SIDS, and obesity.
What are the benefits of breastfeeding for mothers?
Breastfeeding promotes uterine involution and lowers breast cancer risk by 50%.
What are some cultural practices related to maternal nutrition?
Cultural practices include traditional diets like Ayurvedic ‘sattvic’ foods and postpartum confinement in Chinese culture.
What are the risks associated with plant-based and vegan diets during pregnancy?
Risks include deficiencies in vitamin B12, iron, and DHA.
What practical guidelines can assist with meal planning during pregnancy?
Use MyPlate for Pregnancy for adjusted portions and consider sample menus like Greek yogurt with berries for breakfast.
What community resources are available for maternal nutrition?
WIC (Women, Infants, Children) Program provides vouchers for nutritious foods, and lactation consultants offer professional support.
