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diet and nutrition > Diet and nutrition > Flashcards

Diet and nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

Definition of a calorie

1 Calorie= 1000 calories

A

Amount of heat required to raise temp of 1 gm water by 1 degree C

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2
Q

How is adequate intake determined

A

By observing intakes by healthy people

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3
Q

What is estimated average requirement for a nutrient

A

Amount of nutrient that will meet requirement of HALF of all healthy individuals

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4
Q

Acceptable range of PTN

A

10-35%

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5
Q

Acceptable range of CHO

A

45-65%

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6
Q

Acceptable range of fat

A

25-35% (higher < 4yo)

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7
Q

Kcal/gm of common nutrients 4

A

Fat 9
Etoh 7
PTN 4
CHO 4

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8
Q

Omega- 6 PUFA Linoleic Acid
Sources?
Function 3

A

Seeds,nuts,veg oils

Component of membrane lipids, required for normal skin function, clotting

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9
Q

Omega-3 PUFA
Sources
Function

A

fish oils, veg. oils, some meat/eggs
Involved with Neuro development and growth
May reduce CVD risk

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10
Q

PTN deficiency syndomes 2

A

Kwashiorkor - def. in PTN only, big belly

Marasmus - def. in PTN and cal

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11
Q

Protein requirements for maintenance and weight loss mg/kg/day

A
  1. 7-1 maintenance

1. 2-1.5 ( generally 90-120 mg/day)

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12
Q

Respiratory Quotient definition

A

CO2 produced:O2 consumed

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13
Q

RQ can indicate which macros are being metabolized. What are the RQs of common macros?

A

CHO 1.0/PTN 0.8/Fats 0.7

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14
Q

Causes/associations of Vit B12 def. 6

A 
Obesity in children (4x at risk)
Vegans
Metformin ( interferes in ileum with absorption)
PPI use ?
Pernicious anemia ( intrinsic factor)
Bypass surgery (stomach acid)
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15
Q

Why is Vit D common in obesity? 2

A

Vit D gets diluted throughout the body

Skin surface area doesn’t expand proportionately to volume

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16
Q

Is MMA high or low in B12 def

A

elevated indicates deficiency ( because need B12 to convert MMA to succinyl CoA)

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17
Q

Pellagra is Not Nice 4/D
Cause
Symptoms

A

Niacin B3 deficiency
4Ds
diarrhea, dementia, dermatitis, death

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18
Q

Beriberi , seen in ETOH
Cause
Sx

A

Thiamine B1 def.
wet- CV
dry-neurological

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19
Q

Riboflavin B2 deficiency sx

*hint:flavor

A

Cheilosis
stomatosis
glossitis

red itchy eyes

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20
Q

Nutrients absorbed in Duodenum

A

Iron
Calcium
Copper
Selenium

Fatty acids, AAs

21
Q

Jejunum absorbs 4 plus duodenal

A 
CHO
AAs
Vitamins
Potassium
some Fe Ca in upper
22
Q

Ileum absorbs

A 
H2O
Vit K and other fat soluble vitamins
Vitamin B12
Minerals, salts, 
Fats 
remainder of nutrients
Bile salts and acids
23
Q

Colon absorbs which vitamins that it’s bacteria creates?

A

Vitamin K
Biotin B7
B12

24
Q

Colon absorbs these dietary nutrients
4 Bs
4 other

A 
Thiamine B1
Riboflavin B2
Biotin B7
Cyanocobalamin B12
Water
Na CL 
Vitamin K

Secretes K Bicarb

25
Q

Low Calcium impact on adipocytes 3

A

Vit D/PTH /Intracellular CA High

Lipogenesis and net fat stores increased
Lipolysis decreased

26
Q

What diet has the best evidence for weight loss and maintenance?

A

Meal replacement!!
200-400 cal/meal
high protein 15-30 gms
low carb 10 gm

27
Q

How much fat in low fat diet? Additional benefit?

A

20%

Lowers total cholesterol and LDL

28
Q

Risk of which deficiencies with vegan diet? 6

A 
Vit. B12
Ca
Vit D** within a year
Iron
Zinc
Omega-3 FAs
29
Q

Benefit of vegetarian/vegan diet 5

A 
Weight loss
Lower risk of certain cancers
Decrease LDL, cardioprotective
Decrease DM risk
Improve glycemic control
30
Q

% fat in Mediterranean diet, high in which nutrient?

A

35-40%

Omega-3

31
Q

2 benefits with Mediterranean diet i PREDIMED study

A

30% lower risk first CV event

40% lower risk developing T2DM

32
Q

Glycemic index scale - how quickly food causes our blood sugars to rise. What are the levels for low, medium and high

A

low GI <55
Medium 56-69
High GI > 70

33
Q

What lowers glycemic index? 3

A

fat
fiber
acid

34
Q

What factors can raise GI 2

A

Longer cooking time (pasta)

More ripe

35
Q

What combo of glycemic index and nutrient is best for preventing weight regain?

A

25% protein, low GI

36
Q

At what level of CHO is a diet considered ketogenic?

A

< 50 gms

37
Q

At what level of protein is a diet considered “high” protein?

A

25%

38
Q

Definition of Very low calorie diet?

A

<800 kcal/day

39
Q

Amounts of nutrients in typical VLCD

A

Protein 1.2g/kg women, 1.5 men
CHO 50-100 gms
Fats 10-20 gm

40
Q

Types of intermittent fasting 3

A
  1. Alternate-day - on fasting days have one meal providing about 25% of calorie needs
  2. Whole day - 1-2 days/week of full fasting
  3. Time restricted - daily time frame for fasting
41
Q

How does metabolism adapt to weight loss 3

A
  1. Resting energy expenditure down by 20%
  2. Non -resting EE down by 30%
  3. Skeletal work efficiency increase by 30%
42
Q

Total Energy Expenditure equation

A

Resting EE (cals needed at rest) + thermic effect of food + non-resting EE

43
Q

10% weight loss lowers Total energy expenditure by how much?

*this is prolonged

A

20-25% - more than expected for change in lean and fat mass

44
Q

Definition of RDA recommended dietary ALLowance

A

Average daily dietary intake of a nutrient sufficient to meet requirement of nearly all healthy persons.

45
Q

Which artificial sweeteners to avoid in PKU 2

A

aspartame

advantame

46
Q

Biotin B7 affects the brain- what symptoms?

*egg white

A

facial dermatitis
neuropathy
depression
hallucinations

47
Q

Folic acid B9 deficiency findings, 3

A

macrocytic anemia
irritability
mouth ulcers

48
Q

Which Amino acid is absent in vegan diet?

A

Lysine

49
Q

Which nutrient / mineral deficiencies are common in vegans? 6

A

Vit D ( within a year)
Omega 3
Vit B12
Ca, Fe, Zn

diet and nutrition (1 decks)

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