Diencephalon And Telencephalon LE

Question 1

At the middle; pathway for the brainstem to the cerebellum
Includes Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Subthalamus, and the Epithalamus (THES)

Answer 1

Diencephalon

Question 2

A large, ovoid gray mass of nuclei responsible for pain, temperature, and fine touch

Answer 2

Thalamus

Question 3

A landmark of the Thalamus, it extends over the medial and lateral geniculate (bent at a sharp angle) bodies; optic nerve

Answer 3

Pulvinar

Question 4

Part of the rostral (anterior/front) thalamus

Answer 4

Anterior Thalamic Tubercle

Question 5

It connects the two hemispheres together

Answer 5

Interthalamic Adhesion

Question 6

White Matter of the Diencephalon (3):

Answer 6

1.) Thalamic Radiations
2.) External Medullary Lamina
3.) Internal Medullary Lamina

Question 7

Are the fiber bundles that emergy from the lateral surface of the thalamus and terminate in the cerebral cortex

Answer 7

Thalamic Radiations

Question 8

White Matter of the Diencephalon; is a layer of myelinated fibers on the lateral surface of the thalamus

Answer 8

External Medullary Lamina

Question 9

White Matter of the Diencephalon; is a thin vertical sheet of white matter; bifurcates (branch off) and divides the thalamus into lateral, medial, and anterior portions

Answer 9

Internal Medullary Lamina

Question 10

Receives fibers from the mammillary bodies via the mamillothalamic tract and projects to the cingulate cortex

-> hippocampus -> fornix then back to the mammillary body

Answer 10

Anterior Nuclear Group

Question 11

Located just beneath the lining of the third ventricle and the interthalamic adhesion

Connect with the hypothalamus and central periaqueductal gray matter

Answer 11

Nuclei of the Midline

Question 12

Includes most of the gray matter substance medial to the internal medullary lamina

Converts sound to signals -> Cochlear Nerve -> Cochlear Nuclei -> Lateral Lemniscus -> Inferior Coliculi -> Brachium of Inferior Coliculi -> ________

Answer 12

Medial Nuclei

Question 13

This constitutes a large part of the thalamus anterior to the pulvinar between the internal and external medullary laminas

Divide into two: Lateral Ventral and Lateral Dorsal

Answer 13

Lateral Nuclear Mass

Question 14

These include the pulvinar nucleus, the medial genicular nucleus, and the lateral geniculate nucleus

Answer 14

Posterior Nuclei

Question 15

Involved in relaying and modifying sensory signals from the body, face, retina, cochlea, and taste receptors

Nucles: Lateral and Medial Geniculate, Ventral posterolateral, Ventral Posteromedial

Answer 15

Sensory Nuclei

Question 16

Convery motor information from the cerebellum and the globus pallidus to the prefrontal cortex

Also called Motor Relay Nuclei

Nucles: Ventral Anterior & Lateral

Answer 16

Motor Nuclei

Question 17

Interposed (put) between the mammilliary nuclei of the hypothalamus and the cingulate gyrus of the cerebral cortex

Nucleus: Anterior, Dorsomedial

Answer 17

Limbic Nuclei

Question 18

Have connections with the association areas in the parietal (sensation) lobe

Nucleus: Pulvinar, Posterolateral, and Dorsolateral

Answer 18

Multimodal Nuclei

Question 19

The projections of these nuclei are not known in detail but they interact with the caudate nucleus, putamen, and the cerebellum

Answer 19

Intralaminar and Reticular Nuclei

Question 20

Serves autonomic, appetitive, and regulatory functions

Lies below and in front of the thalamus; it forms the floor and lower walls of the third ventricle

Answer 20

Hypothalamus

Question 21

External Landmarks of the Hypothalamus (including the directions)

Answer 21

Optic Chiasm and Tuber Cinerum (Anterior and Posterior Division)

Mammillary Bodies (Medial and Lateral Division)

Question 22

What are the functions of the Hypothalamus (7):

Answer 22

• Eating
• Autonomic Function (Fight/Flight)
• Body Temperature
• Water Balance
• Anterior Pituitary Function (Release/Inhibit horomons; sexual behavior)
• Circadian Rhythm (Consciousness)
• Emotions

Question 23

Below the thalamus; part of the Basal Ganglia which starts/stops movement

Answer 23

Subthalamus

Question 24

Functions to connect the limbic system to other parts of the brain

Components include the secretion of melatonin by the pineal gland

Answer 24

Epithalamus

Question 25

Functions to connect the limbic system to other parts of the brain Components include the *secretion of melatonin by the pineal gland*

Answer 25

Epithalamus

Question 26

A small *tri*angular area in front of the superior colliculs which contains the habenular nuclei

Answer 26

Habenular Trigone

Question 27

Extends from the habenular nucleus to the interpeduncular nucleus in the midbrain

Answer 27

Habenulointerpenduncular Tract

Question 28

Small mass that normall lies in the depression (below) between the superior colliculus Its base is attached by the pineal stalk **Secrete horomones that are absored into its blood vessels**

Answer 28

Pineal Body

Question 29

Striated muscle, eye and tongue movements

Answer 29

Somatic Efferent Fibers

Question 30

Sensation from the skin and mucous membrane of the head (sensation of the head)

Answer 30

Somatic Afferent Fibers

Question 31

**Innervates (supplies)** muscles that are derived from the **branchisl arches** Inolved in *chewing, making facial expressions, swallowing, producing vocal sounds, and turning the head*

Answer 31

Branchial/Special Visceral Efferent Fibers

Question 32

**Smooth muscles** of the **inner eye, salivatory and lacrimal (tears) glands,** and the **partoid gland,** and the **muscles of the heart, lung, and bowel.** Involved in movemetn and secretion; pre-ganglionic parasympathetic

Answer 32

Visceral Efferent Fibers

Question 33

Convey **sensation from the alimentary/gastrointestinal tract, heart, vessels,** and **lungs + taste (specialized)**

Answer 33

Visceral Afferent Fibers

Question 34

**Pure** sensory fibers

Answer 34

Special sensory fibers

Question 35

**Short connections** that **project from the olfactory mucosa and olfactory bulb** Test: Using familiar odors; patient must identify the substance with eyes shut and one nostril held closed

Answer 35

CN I: Olfactory Nerve

Question 36

Functions as a pure sensory cranial nerve; axon *myelinated by oligodendrocytes* that arise from the ganglion cells in the *retina*

Answer 36

CN II: Optic Nerve

Question 37

What are the manifestions if these parts are affected? - Optic Nerve - Optic Chiasm - Optic Tract/Optic Radiation/Occipital Cortex - Optic Radiation: Upper Fibers - " : Lower Fibers

Answer 37

- Ipsilateral Monocular (Same side is affected) - Bitemporal Hemianopsia (No peripheral vision; only tunnel vision) - Contralateral Hemianopsia - Lower Quadrantanopsia - Upper "

Question 38

Constricts eyes/Dilates

Answer 38

CN III: Oculumotor Nerve