diencephalon and bg

Question 1

what is the purpose of the direct and indirect pathway

Answer 1

to prevent unwanted contractions from competing with voluntary movements

direct activates elbow flexion and indirect inhibits triceps

Question 2

what are the cardinal signs of parkinson’s

Answer 2

TRAP

tremors
rigidity
akinesia/bradykinesia
postural instab

Question 3

tremors is overactivity of

Answer 3

D1

Question 4

rigidity is overactivity of

Answer 4

D1

Question 5

akin/bradykinesia is overactivity of

Answer 5

D2

Question 6

postural instability is overactivity of

Answer 6

D2

Question 7

Inability to initiate movement; associated with fixed postures

Answer 7

Akinesia

Question 8

Slow, involuntary, writhing, twisting, “wormlike” movements; frequently greater involvement in distal UEs

Answer 8

Athetosis

Question 9

Decreased amplitude and velocity of voluntary movement

Answer 9

Bradykinesia

Question 10

Involuntary, rapid, irregular, jerky movements involving multiple joints; most apparent in UEs

Answer 10

Chorea

Question 11

Choreoathetosis

Answer 11

Movement disorder with features of both chorea and athetosis; rapid + slow

Question 12

Sustained involuntary contractions of agonist and antagonist muscles

Answer 12

Dystonia - torticollis

Question 13

Large-amplitude sudden, violent, flailing motions of the arm and leg of one side of the body

Answer 13

Hemiballismus

Question 14

Abnormally increased muscle activity or movement; irregular, jerky involuntary movements in all extremities

Answer 14

Hyperkinesis

Question 15

Decreased motor response especially to a specific muscle

Answer 15

Hypokinesis

Question 16

Uniform, constant resistance as limb is moved

Answer 16

Lead-pipe rigidity

Question 17

Series of brief relaxations or “catches” as limb is passively moved

Answer 17

Cogwheel

Question 18

Involuntary, rhythmic, oscillatory movement observed at rest

Answer 18

resting tremor or pill rolling

Question 19

Patient manifests stoop posture in standing & arms flexed; gait of patient may present with short steps & is often unable to stop

Answer 19

Postural Disturbance

Question 20

visual information from opposite field of vision

Answer 20

Lateral geniculate body

Question 21

Receives information from the face via trigeminal nerve which projects to somatosensory cortex

Answer 21

VPM

Question 22

Receives information for pain, temperature and crude touch via neospinothalamic tract and medial lemniscus of DCML pathway which projects to somatosensory cortex

Answer 22

VPL

Question 23

receives auditory information from both ears but predominantly from the opposite ear.

Answer 23

MGB

Question 24

Secretes vasopressin and regulates water balance

Answer 24

Supraoptic nucleus

Question 25

Secretes oxytocin and regulates water balance

Answer 25

Paraventricular nucleus

Question 26

Controls parasympathetic hormones

Answer 26

Preoptic and anterior nuclei

Question 27

Controls the sympathetic system

Answer 27

Posterior and lateral hypothalamic nuc

Question 28

Regulates body temperature (response to heat)

Answer 28

Anterior hypothalamic nucleus

Question 29

Regulates body temperature (response to cold).

Answer 29

Posterior hypothalamic nucleus

Question 30

Initiates appetite or hunger center and increases water intake (thirst center)

Answer 30

Lateral hypothalamic nucleus

Question 31

dec appetite and satiety center

Answer 31

medial hypothalamic nucleus

Question 32

Primary circadian clock of the brain

Answer 32

Suprachiasmatic nucleus

Question 33

regulates satiety through releasing hormones

Answer 33

ventromedial nuc