diencephalon and bg Flashcards
what is the purpose of the direct and indirect pathway
to prevent unwanted contractions from competing with voluntary movements
direct activates elbow flexion and indirect inhibits triceps
what are the cardinal signs of parkinson’s
TRAP
tremors
rigidity
akinesia/bradykinesia
postural instab
tremors is overactivity of
D1
rigidity is overactivity of
D1
akin/bradykinesia is overactivity of
D2
postural instability is overactivity of
D2
Inability to initiate movement; associated with fixed postures
Akinesia
Slow, involuntary, writhing, twisting, “wormlike” movements; frequently greater involvement in distal UEs
Athetosis
Decreased amplitude and velocity of voluntary movement
Bradykinesia
Involuntary, rapid, irregular, jerky movements involving multiple joints; most apparent in UEs
Chorea
Choreoathetosis
Movement disorder with features of both chorea and athetosis; rapid + slow
Sustained involuntary contractions of agonist and antagonist muscles
Dystonia - torticollis
Large-amplitude sudden, violent, flailing motions of the arm and leg of one side of the body
Hemiballismus
Abnormally increased muscle activity or movement; irregular, jerky involuntary movements in all extremities
Hyperkinesis
Decreased motor response especially to a specific muscle
Hypokinesis
Uniform, constant resistance as limb is moved
Lead-pipe rigidity
Series of brief relaxations or “catches” as limb is passively moved
Cogwheel
Involuntary, rhythmic, oscillatory movement observed at rest
resting tremor or pill rolling
Patient manifests stoop posture in standing & arms flexed; gait of patient may present with short steps & is often unable to stop
Postural Disturbance
visual information from opposite field of vision
Lateral geniculate body
Receives information from the face via trigeminal nerve which projects to somatosensory cortex
VPM
Receives information for pain, temperature and crude touch via neospinothalamic tract and medial lemniscus of DCML pathway which projects to somatosensory cortex
VPL
receives auditory information from both ears but predominantly from the opposite ear.
MGB
Secretes vasopressin and regulates water balance
Supraoptic nucleus
Secretes oxytocin and regulates water balance
Paraventricular nucleus
Controls parasympathetic hormones
Preoptic and anterior nuclei
Controls the sympathetic system
Posterior and lateral hypothalamic nuc
Regulates body temperature (response to heat)
Anterior hypothalamic nucleus
Regulates body temperature (response to cold).
Posterior hypothalamic nucleus
Initiates appetite or hunger center and increases water intake (thirst center)
Lateral hypothalamic nucleus
dec appetite and satiety center
medial hypothalamic nucleus
Primary circadian clock of the brain
Suprachiasmatic nucleus
regulates satiety through releasing hormones
ventromedial nuc
