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Neuro Final > Diencephalon and Basal Ganglia > Flashcards

Diencephalon and Basal Ganglia Flashcards

1
Q

what is the medial boundary of the diencephalon?

lateral boundary?

A

medial: 3rd ventricle
lateral: internal capsule (post limb)

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2
Q

what is the hypothalamic sulcus and why is it important

A

depression in the 3rd ventricle that runs from above the interventricular foramen of Monroe to the post commissure
-important bc it separates the hypothalamus from the dorsal thalamus

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3
Q

what are the 4 parts of the diencephalon

A
  1. dorsal thalamus
  2. hypothalamus
  3. subthalamus (STN)
  4. epithalamus (pineal gland)
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4
Q

what is the tuber cinereum

A

the zone that forms the floor of the 3rd ventricle

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5
Q

what kind of fucntions is the hypothalamus nvolved w/

A

endocrine functions of the body

ex. feeding, drinking, sex, emotions, growth

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6
Q

what is the median eminence
what emerges from it
what kind of organ is it

A

the central part of the tuber cinereum; the infundibulum emerges from this
-circumventicular organ (areas where there is no blood-brain barrier, allowing free communication btwn the cerebral blood, CSF of the ventricular system, and brain)

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7
Q

what is the diaphragma sellae

A

the dural fold covering the pituitary

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8
Q

what kind of organ is the pineal gland
what is it involved w/
what is it innervated by

A

circumventricular organ
circadian rhythms
sympathetic NS

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9
Q

when is melatonin secreted

A

when it’s dark outside

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10
Q

in the retina-scn-pineal circuit, the retina photoreceptors detect light, and fibers head to the “master pacemaker” called the ……..
where is this located
and via what tract

A

suprachiasmatic nucleus in the hypothalamus via the retinohypothalamic tract (RHT)

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11
Q

the descending hypothalamic fibers will travel down the _____ brainstem to C8-T1 of the cord where it will synapse on the _______ cell column in the latreal horn gray of the spinal cord

A

lateral

IML -intermediolateral cell column in the lateral horn gray of the spinal cord

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12
Q

what happens when the pineal gland receives its sympathetic innervation

A

it stops secreting melatonin

-light will stop melatonin secretion

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13
Q

all sensory inputs except _____ pass through the thalamus before reaching the cortex

A

olfaction

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14
Q

the thalamus receives motor info from where

A

deep cerebellar nuclei

basal ganglia

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15
Q

where do almost all thalamic projections (info leaving the thalamus) go to
-wehre do these projectoins travel in…what are they calld

A

cerebral cortex

-these projections travel in the internal capsule and area called “radiations

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16
Q

wehre do relay nuclei receive input from and wehre do they project

A

receive defined inputs (tracts) and project to a specific area of cortex for specific function
ex. VPL, VPM, VA, VL, LGN, MGN

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17
Q

where do association nuclei receive info from and where do they project

A

receive info from cortex and project back to cortex’s association areas in frontal and parietal lobes
ex. MD, LD, LP/pulvinar

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18
Q

what are the internal medullary lamina and what do they divide

A

Y-shaped internal medullary lamina are myelinated fibers which divide the thalamus into anterior, medial and posterior nuclear groups

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19
Q

what ist he lateral aspect of the thalamus covered by

A

a layer of myelinated axons, the external medullary lamina, which contains the reticular nucleus of the thalamus

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20
Q

what do the anterior and medial groups (dorsomedial nucleus (MD nucleus, medial thalamus)) have a role in
what are they connected w?

A

memory and emotions

-hypothalamus, limbic lobe, frontal lobe

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21
Q

what nuclei are in the dorsal tier

A

association nuclei: LD, LP, pulvinar

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22
Q

what nuclei are in the ventral tier

A

relay nuclei: VA/VL, VPL/VPM

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23
Q

what is the function of the dorsolateral group (LD)

A

unclear function, but similar to ant nuclear group

24
Q

what is the function of the posterior group (LP, pulvinar)

A

parieto-occipital-temporal association

-role in attention needed in, for example, visuopatial tasks in the right hemisphere and language tasks in the left

25
Q

LP and Pulvinar (post group) receive info from what?

they send their output projections to large parts of the association cortex called the….

A

LP and pulvinar receive info from all other thalamic nuclei and they send their output projections to larget parts of the association cortex called the parieto-occipital-temporal area

26
Q

why is the pulvinar involved w/ the extrageniculate visual pathway
why is it called the extrageniculate visual pathway

A

pulvinar is involved in a “second” visual pathway that bypasses the LGN (and sues the sup colliculus and pulvinar) and is therefore called the extrageniculate visual pathway
-pulvinar is the thalamic relay in this pathway

27
Q

where does the pulvinar receive its afferent projectoins from
wehre does it project to

A

the superfical layers of the superior colliculus and projects to visual associatoin areas in the occipital, parietal, and temporal lobes

28
Q

the motor thalamus (VA, VL) receives inputs from what

A 
cerebellum (contralateral denate) 
basal ganglia (GPi)
substantia nigra (SNr)
29
Q

where does the motor thalamus project to

A

projects to areas of the cortex important for motor acitivity
-helps regulate movement (planning, initiating)

30
Q

what is the area in the thalamus that is important for motor function

A

in the VA and VL nuclei

-wehre we get inputs fcoming in from the cerebellum, BG, sub nigra

31
Q

what will a lesion to the VPL do

A

contra loss of pain and temp (body)

contra loss of conscious proprioception/2 pt tactile/pressure/vibratory sense of the upper and lower extremities

32
Q

what will a lesion to the VPM do

A

contra loss of pain and temp and tactile discimination in the head
-also results in loss of ipsi taste

33
Q

what kind of nuclei are in the VPL?
what is its input
what is its output

A

relay nuclei

input: medial lemniscus, spinothalamic tract
output: post-central gyrus (arm and leg area)in pariteal lobe via internal capsule

34
Q

what kind of nuclei are in VPM?
what is its input
what is its output

A

relay sensory nuclei
input; trigeminal lemniscus (dorsal and vtt tracts), 2ndary taste fibers from n. colitarius via CTT
output: post central gyrus (face) in parietal lobe via internal capusle and area 43

35
Q

where does the vestibular system send projections to the thalamus at

A

VP area

-receives some vestibular inputs for conscious awareness of where your head is in space

36
Q

what are the inputs and outputs of the MGN

what kind of nucleus

A

inputs: brachium of the inf colliculus
outputs: to primary auditory cortex (transverse temporal gyri of heschl) via auditory radiations

-auditory relay nucleus

37
Q

what are the inputs and outputs of the LGN

what kind of nucleus

A

inputs: from retina via optic tract
output: to primary visual cortex (cuneus, lingual gyri) via optic radiations

-visual relay nucleus

38
Q

what do the nuclei of the dorsal thalamus do to go to sleep

what kind of nuclei are these

A

inhibit thalamic nuclei (and therefore their projections to cortex)

  • in sleep, can prevent sensory info from getting into cortex
  • reticular nuclei
39
Q

the output of the cerebellum is excitatory or inhibitory? what about the basal ganglia?

A

cerebellum: excitatory
BG: inhibitory

40
Q

what is the pathway through the basal ganglia thought to be

A

a feedback loop that has a major modualtory influence on the direct output pathways of the cerebral cortex

41
Q

why is the effect of the BG look contralateral

A

bc the effect is largely via corticospinals

42
Q

what is the basal ganglia function

A

modulate cortical control of movement, cognition, and behavior

43
Q

what will pathologic changes in the BG lead to

A
  • abnormal involuntary movements in muscle tone and gait
  • NO WEAKNESS
  • dementia
  • psychiatric disease
44
Q

what make up the striatum

-what are they separated by

A

the caudate nucleus and putamen

  • separated by the ant limb of the internal capsule
  • caudate medially and putamen laterally
45
Q

what make up the lenticular nucleus

-what are they separated by

A

the putamen and globus pallidus

-separted from the thalamus by the post limb of the internal capsule

46
Q

what is the input of the nuclei of the basal ganglia? what is the output

A

input: striatum (caudate and putamen)
output: GPi and SNr (globus pallidus interna and substantia nigra pars reticularis)

47
Q

how does the basal ganglia send signals

A
  1. motor cortex sends signals to the BG’s striatum
  2. BG manipulates that info
  3. GPi/SNr will send projections out of the basal ganglia to the VA/VL thalamus, which then send signal back to cortex
48
Q

what is the direct pathway through the BG from the cortex?

what is the indirect pathway?

A

direct: which facilities the movement
indirect: which terminates the movemetns

49
Q

what is parkinson’s disease due to

A

due to a slow, progressive degeneration of the dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta

50
Q

wht are the signs and symptoms of parkinson’s

A

Tremor
Rigidity
Akinesia
Posture

51
Q

what does the SNc project onto

A

projects onto the striatum
influences both direct and indirect pathway
-through dominergic input onto either D1 or D2 receptors

52
Q

what does lesion of Snc cause

A

decreased motor acitivty (bradykinesia)

ex. PD

53
Q

what happens in huntington’s disease

A

selective loss of medium spiny GABAergic neurons of striatum whose output is through indirect pathway

54
Q

what are the sympotoms of huntingtons

A

chorea: brief, jerklike movements
athetosis: slow, writhing movements
mental decline: executive dysfunction, slowness, memory decline
personality changes: irritable, anxious,depressed

55
Q

what are the input, output, and intrinsic nuclei of the BG

A

input: caudate and putamen
output: GPi, SNr
intrinsic: GPe, SNc, STN

Neuro Final (10 decks)

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