Diebel: Specific Acquired Immunity Flashcards
what are the four hallmarks of inflammation?
Influx of fluid (edema)
increased temperature (hyperthermia)
decreased oxygenation (local hypoxia)
influx of WBCs (extravasation)
TNF (fever, stimulates E-selectin expression), IL-1: endogenous pyrogen, IL-8 chemotaxis are associated with what type of innate cell?
Macrophage
Inflammation triggers: Complement ___ stimulation of basophil and mast cell degranulation and activation
C5a.
Histamine: increased vascular permeability
Prostaglandin E2- vasodilation, increased v.p.
Leukotriene D2: neutrophil chemotaxis, increased vp
Leukotriene D4: increased vp
Purpose of IFNgamma
activation of phagocytic cells and NK cells
3 principle changes in tissue during acute inflammation
- increased blood supply to the affected area
- increase capillary permeability
- increase in leukocyte migration into the affected tissue
Sites of acute inflammation tend to have higher numbers of _____ and ______.
neutrophils
activated helper T cells
Sites of chronic inflammation have a higher proportion of _____, _____, and _____.
macrophages, cytotoxic T cells and B cells
What are the 3 important inflammatory cytokines?
TNFalpha, IL-1 and IFNgamma
What primarily produces TNFalpha?
macrophages
____ ____ and ___ ____ prevent adhesion of leukocytes to the endothelium
shear force and high charge
The first step of Leukocyte adhesion involves TETHERING which deals with the connection between ____ and _____
CD15 and E-selection
The second step of leukocyte adhesion involves TRIGGERING which is a direct signaling of ______ from inside the cell to the tethered cell
chemokines
The third step of leukocyte adhesion involves ADHESION which deals with the activation of integrins ____
CR3/LFA-1, ICAM-1
source and action of histamine
mast cells/basophils.
increased vascular permeability, smooth muscle contraction, chemokinesis
5HT source and action
platelets
increased vascular permeability, smooth muscle contraction
platelet activating factor (PAF): source and action
basophils/neutrophils/macrophages
mediator release from platelets, increased vascular permeability, smooth muscle contraction and neutrophil activation
IL-8 source and action
mast cells, endothelium, monocytes, lymphocytes
polymorph and monocyte localization
bradykinin source and actions
kinin system
vasodilation, smooth muscle contraction, increased capillary permeability, pain
prostaglandin E2: source and action
cyclo-oxygenase pathway, mast cells
vasodilation, potentiates increased vascular permeability produced by histamine and bradykinin
leukotriene B4: source and action
lipooxygenase pathway, mast cells
neutrophil chemotaxis, synergies with PGE2 in increasing vascular permeability
when tissue cells are infected or damaged, they can send signals to the immune system via: ____/____ to call for help
interferons/cytokines
what are the first cells to migrate to a site of inflammation or infection?
neutrophils
what factors are needed to induce a pluripotent stem cell all the way down to a neutrophil (PMN)
IL3+GM-CSF, then G-CSF
Neutrophils have ____ receptors to bind to antibodies which makes them able to kill by antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity
Fc
what type of cell has a bilobed nucleus with many cytoplasmic granules which stain with acid dyes
eosinophil
what is contained within the granules of eosinophils and what do they do?
Major Basic Protein (MBP)
- is a potent toxin for helminth worms
- induces histamine release from mast cells
- can provoke bronchospasm
what are eosinophils activated by?
complement C3a and C5a
what factors are needed to induce a pluripotent stem cell into an eosinophil?
IL3 +GM-CSF, GM-CSF, IL-3, IL-5
what type of antibody is contained on basophil cell surface?
IgE
____ is released from basophils when IgE on the surface is cross-linked by antigen
histamine. therefore they deal in allergic responses
what complements are basophils activated by to degranulate?
C5a and C3a
what factors are needed to induce a pluripotent stem cell into an basophil?
IL3+GM-CSF, IL-4
Difference between a mast cell and a basophil?
mononuclear cell, present in tissues and not in circulation, mediators of the immediate allergic response
mast cell site of maturation
connective tissues
can basophils proliferate? mast cells?
no. yes
life span of: basophils, mast cells
days, weeks-months
____ are the first line of defense against microbial invasion
macrophages
