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IHO Week 2 > Diebel: Specific Acquired Immunity > Flashcards

Diebel: Specific Acquired Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

what are the four hallmarks of inflammation?

A

Influx of fluid (edema)
increased temperature (hyperthermia)
decreased oxygenation (local hypoxia)
influx of WBCs (extravasation)

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2
Q

TNF (fever, stimulates E-selectin expression), IL-1: endogenous pyrogen, IL-8 chemotaxis are associated with what type of innate cell?

A

Macrophage

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3
Q

Inflammation triggers: Complement ___ stimulation of basophil and mast cell degranulation and activation

A

C5a.
Histamine: increased vascular permeability
Prostaglandin E2- vasodilation, increased v.p.
Leukotriene D2: neutrophil chemotaxis, increased vp
Leukotriene D4: increased vp

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4
Q

Purpose of IFNgamma

A

activation of phagocytic cells and NK cells

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5
Q

3 principle changes in tissue during acute inflammation

A
  1. increased blood supply to the affected area
  2. increase capillary permeability
  3. increase in leukocyte migration into the affected tissue
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6
Q

Sites of acute inflammation tend to have higher numbers of _____ and ______.

A

neutrophils

activated helper T cells

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7
Q

Sites of chronic inflammation have a higher proportion of _____, _____, and _____.

A

macrophages, cytotoxic T cells and B cells

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8
Q

What are the 3 important inflammatory cytokines?

A

TNFalpha, IL-1 and IFNgamma

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9
Q

What primarily produces TNFalpha?

A

macrophages

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10
Q

____ ____ and ___ ____ prevent adhesion of leukocytes to the endothelium

A

shear force and high charge

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11
Q

The first step of Leukocyte adhesion involves TETHERING which deals with the connection between ____ and _____

A

CD15 and E-selection

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12
Q

The second step of leukocyte adhesion involves TRIGGERING which is a direct signaling of ______ from inside the cell to the tethered cell

A

chemokines

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13
Q

The third step of leukocyte adhesion involves ADHESION which deals with the activation of integrins ____

A

CR3/LFA-1, ICAM-1

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14
Q

source and action of histamine

A

mast cells/basophils.

increased vascular permeability, smooth muscle contraction, chemokinesis

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15
Q

5HT source and action

A

platelets

increased vascular permeability, smooth muscle contraction

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16
Q

platelet activating factor (PAF): source and action

A

basophils/neutrophils/macrophages

mediator release from platelets, increased vascular permeability, smooth muscle contraction and neutrophil activation

17
Q

IL-8 source and action

A

mast cells, endothelium, monocytes, lymphocytes

polymorph and monocyte localization

18
Q

bradykinin source and actions

A

kinin system

vasodilation, smooth muscle contraction, increased capillary permeability, pain

19
Q

prostaglandin E2: source and action

A

cyclo-oxygenase pathway, mast cells

vasodilation, potentiates increased vascular permeability produced by histamine and bradykinin

20
Q

leukotriene B4: source and action

A

lipooxygenase pathway, mast cells

neutrophil chemotaxis, synergies with PGE2 in increasing vascular permeability

21
Q

when tissue cells are infected or damaged, they can send signals to the immune system via: ____/____ to call for help

A

interferons/cytokines

22
Q

what are the first cells to migrate to a site of inflammation or infection?

A

neutrophils

23
Q

what factors are needed to induce a pluripotent stem cell all the way down to a neutrophil (PMN)

A

IL3+GM-CSF, then G-CSF

24
Q

Neutrophils have ____ receptors to bind to antibodies which makes them able to kill by antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity

A

Fc

25
Q

what type of cell has a bilobed nucleus with many cytoplasmic granules which stain with acid dyes

A

eosinophil

26
Q

what is contained within the granules of eosinophils and what do they do?

A

Major Basic Protein (MBP)

  • is a potent toxin for helminth worms
  • induces histamine release from mast cells
  • can provoke bronchospasm
27
Q

what are eosinophils activated by?

A

complement C3a and C5a

28
Q

what factors are needed to induce a pluripotent stem cell into an eosinophil?

A

IL3 +GM-CSF, GM-CSF, IL-3, IL-5

29
Q

what type of antibody is contained on basophil cell surface?

A

IgE

30
Q

____ is released from basophils when IgE on the surface is cross-linked by antigen

A

histamine. therefore they deal in allergic responses

31
Q

what complements are basophils activated by to degranulate?

A

C5a and C3a

32
Q

what factors are needed to induce a pluripotent stem cell into an basophil?

A

IL3+GM-CSF, IL-4

33
Q

Difference between a mast cell and a basophil?

A

mononuclear cell, present in tissues and not in circulation, mediators of the immediate allergic response

34
Q

mast cell site of maturation

A

connective tissues

35
Q

can basophils proliferate? mast cells?

A

no. yes

36
Q

life span of: basophils, mast cells

A

days, weeks-months

37
Q

____ are the first line of defense against microbial invasion

A

macrophages

IHO Week 2 (1 decks)

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