Diebel: Specific Acquired Immunity Flashcards

(37 cards)

1
Q

what are the four hallmarks of inflammation?

A

Influx of fluid (edema)
increased temperature (hyperthermia)
decreased oxygenation (local hypoxia)
influx of WBCs (extravasation)

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2
Q

TNF (fever, stimulates E-selectin expression), IL-1: endogenous pyrogen, IL-8 chemotaxis are associated with what type of innate cell?

A

Macrophage

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3
Q

Inflammation triggers: Complement ___ stimulation of basophil and mast cell degranulation and activation

A

C5a.
Histamine: increased vascular permeability
Prostaglandin E2- vasodilation, increased v.p.
Leukotriene D2: neutrophil chemotaxis, increased vp
Leukotriene D4: increased vp

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4
Q

Purpose of IFNgamma

A

activation of phagocytic cells and NK cells

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5
Q

3 principle changes in tissue during acute inflammation

A
  1. increased blood supply to the affected area
  2. increase capillary permeability
  3. increase in leukocyte migration into the affected tissue
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6
Q

Sites of acute inflammation tend to have higher numbers of _____ and ______.

A

neutrophils

activated helper T cells

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7
Q

Sites of chronic inflammation have a higher proportion of _____, _____, and _____.

A

macrophages, cytotoxic T cells and B cells

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8
Q

What are the 3 important inflammatory cytokines?

A

TNFalpha, IL-1 and IFNgamma

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9
Q

What primarily produces TNFalpha?

A

macrophages

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10
Q

____ ____ and ___ ____ prevent adhesion of leukocytes to the endothelium

A

shear force and high charge

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11
Q

The first step of Leukocyte adhesion involves TETHERING which deals with the connection between ____ and _____

A

CD15 and E-selection

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12
Q

The second step of leukocyte adhesion involves TRIGGERING which is a direct signaling of ______ from inside the cell to the tethered cell

A

chemokines

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13
Q

The third step of leukocyte adhesion involves ADHESION which deals with the activation of integrins ____

A

CR3/LFA-1, ICAM-1

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14
Q

source and action of histamine

A

mast cells/basophils.

increased vascular permeability, smooth muscle contraction, chemokinesis

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15
Q

5HT source and action

A

platelets

increased vascular permeability, smooth muscle contraction

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16
Q

platelet activating factor (PAF): source and action

A

basophils/neutrophils/macrophages

mediator release from platelets, increased vascular permeability, smooth muscle contraction and neutrophil activation

17
Q

IL-8 source and action

A

mast cells, endothelium, monocytes, lymphocytes

polymorph and monocyte localization

18
Q

bradykinin source and actions

A

kinin system

vasodilation, smooth muscle contraction, increased capillary permeability, pain

19
Q

prostaglandin E2: source and action

A

cyclo-oxygenase pathway, mast cells

vasodilation, potentiates increased vascular permeability produced by histamine and bradykinin

20
Q

leukotriene B4: source and action

A

lipooxygenase pathway, mast cells

neutrophil chemotaxis, synergies with PGE2 in increasing vascular permeability

21
Q

when tissue cells are infected or damaged, they can send signals to the immune system via: ____/____ to call for help

A

interferons/cytokines

22
Q

what are the first cells to migrate to a site of inflammation or infection?

23
Q

what factors are needed to induce a pluripotent stem cell all the way down to a neutrophil (PMN)

A

IL3+GM-CSF, then G-CSF

24
Q

Neutrophils have ____ receptors to bind to antibodies which makes them able to kill by antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity

25
what type of cell has a bilobed nucleus with many cytoplasmic granules which stain with acid dyes
eosinophil
26
what is contained within the granules of eosinophils and what do they do?
Major Basic Protein (MBP) - is a potent toxin for helminth worms - induces histamine release from mast cells - can provoke bronchospasm
27
what are eosinophils activated by?
complement C3a and C5a
28
what factors are needed to induce a pluripotent stem cell into an eosinophil?
IL3 +GM-CSF, GM-CSF, IL-3, IL-5
29
what type of antibody is contained on basophil cell surface?
IgE
30
____ is released from basophils when IgE on the surface is cross-linked by antigen
histamine. therefore they deal in allergic responses
31
what complements are basophils activated by to degranulate?
C5a and C3a
32
what factors are needed to induce a pluripotent stem cell into an basophil?
IL3+GM-CSF, IL-4
33
Difference between a mast cell and a basophil?
mononuclear cell, present in tissues and not in circulation, mediators of the immediate allergic response
34
mast cell site of maturation
connective tissues
35
can basophils proliferate? mast cells?
no. yes
36
life span of: basophils, mast cells
days, weeks-months
37
____ are the first line of defense against microbial invasion
macrophages