Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Z YEAR 2 CSI > Diarrohea > Flashcards

Diarrohea Flashcards

1
Q

What can diarrohea be defined as the passage of?

A
  1. Three or more loose or liquid stools per 24 hours, and/or
  2. Stools that are more frequent than what is normal for the individual lasting <14 days, and/or
  3. Stool weight greater than 200 g/day
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is diarrhoea classified as based on duration?

A
  • Acute (≤14 days)
  • Persistent (>14 days), or
  • Chronic (>4 weeks).
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How much fluid enters the GI tract every day normally?

A
  • approximately 10 litres of fluid consisting of ingested food and drink
  • in addition to secretions from the salivary glands, stomach, pancreas, bile ducts, and duodenum
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the SI a major site for?

A

re-absorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How much reabsorption occurs?

A

99% of the fluid is re-absorbed, leaving 0.1 litre to be excreted in the faeces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

When does diarrhoea occur?

A

hen various factors interfere with this normal process, resulting in decreased absorption or increased secretion of fluid and electrolytes, or increase in bowel motilit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is inflammatory diarrhoea?

A

indicates the presence of an inflammatory process

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What can inflammatory diarrhoea be due to?

A
  1. bacterial
  2. viral
  3. parasitic infection
  4. May develop early in the course of bowel ischaemis
  5. radiation injury
  6. inflammatory bowel disease
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is inflammatory diarrhoea usually associated with?

A
  • mucoid and bloody stool
  • tenesmus
  • fever
  • severe crampy abdominal pain
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Why does infectious inflammatory diarrhoea not

usually result in volume depletion in adults, but may do so in children or older adults?

A

usually small in volume, with frequent bowel movements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the most common causes of infectious diarrhoea in the US for bacterial infection?

A
  1. mainly Campylobacter
  2. Salmonella
  3. Shigella
  4. Escherichia coli
  5. Clostridium difficile
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

When are viruses more common?

A

among children who attend day care centres

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Where are Protozoa and parasites common causes of acute diarrhoea?

A

developing countries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What would stool examination show in inflammatory diarrhoea?

A

leukocytes, and tests for faecal occult blood may be positive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Why are faecal leukocytes test hard?

A

-plagued by a high rate of false-negative results leading to low sensitivity
-but a
positive test is very informative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the histology like in inflammatory diarrhoea?

A

Histology of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract is abnormal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is non-inflammatory diarrhoea like?

A

watery, large-volume, frequent stool (>10 to 20 per day)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Why is volume depletion possible in non inflammatory diarrhoea?

A

due to high volume and frequency of bowel movements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the histology of the GI like in non inflammatory diarrhoea?

A

preserved

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Are there associated symptoms in non inflammatory diarrhoea?

A

no tenesmus, blood in the stool, fever, or faecal leukocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are two types of non-inflammatory diarrhoea?

A
  1. Secretory diarrhoea

2. Osmotic diarrhoea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is secretory diarrhoea?

A
  1. altered transport of ions across the mucosa
  2. which results in increased secretion and decreased absorption of fluids and electrolytes from the GI tract, especially in the small intestine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Does secretory diarrhoea decrease by fasting?

A

no

24
Q

What are examples of causes of secretory diarrhoea?

A
  1. Enterotoxins: these can be from infection such as Vibrio cholerae, Staphylococcus aureus, enterotoxigenic E coli, and possibly HIV and rotavirus.
  2. Hormonal agents: vaso-active intestinal peptide, small-cell cancer of the lung, and neuroblastoma.
  3. Laxative use, intestinal resection, bile salts, and fatty acids.
25
Q

In what other conditions is secretory diarrhoea seen?

A

chronic diarrhoea with coeliac sprue, collagenous colitis, hyperthyroidism, and carcinoid tumour

26
Q

What is osmotic diarrhoea?

A
  • Stool volume is relatively small (compared with secretory diarrhoea)
  • diarrhoea improves or stops with fastin
27
Q

What does osmotic diarrhoea result from?

A

presence of unabsorbed or poorly absorbed solute (magnesium, sorbitol, and mannitol) in the intestinal tract that causes an increased secretion of liquids into the gut lumen

28
Q

What are the stool electrolytes like in osmotic diarrhoea?

A
  1. Measuring stool electrolytes shows an increased osmotic gap (>50)
  2. test has very limited practical value. Stool (normal or diarrhoea) is always isosmotic (260 to 290 mOsml/L).
29
Q

What are the two types of osmotic diarrhoea?

A
  1. Maldigestion

2. Malabsoprtion

30
Q

What is maldigestion?

A
  1. refers to impaired digestion of nutrients within the intestinal lumen or at the brush border membrane of mucosal epithelial cells
  2. can be seen in pancreatic exocrine insufficiency and lactase deficiency
31
Q

What is malabsorption?

A
  1. refers to impaired absorption of nutrients
  2. can be seen in
    - small bowel bacterial overgrowth
    - in mesenteric ischaemia
    - post bowel resection (short bowel syndrome)
    - in mucosal disease (coeliac disease)
32
Q

What is Crohn’s disease?

A
  • lifelong condition where parts of the digestive system become inflamed
  • one type of a condition called inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)
33
Q

What are the main symptoms of Crohn’s disease?

A
  1. diarrhoea: may come on suddently
  2. stomach aches and cramps
  3. blood in your poo: most often in lower-right part of your tummy
  4. tiredness (fatigue)
  5. weight loss
34
Q

What is a flare up?

A

symptoms may be constant or may come and go every few weeks or months and when they come back

35
Q

When should you see the GP?

A
  1. blood in your poo
  2. diarrhoea for more than 7 days
  3. frequent stomach aches or cramps
  4. lost weight for no reason, or your child’s not growing as fast as you’d expect
36
Q

What are the main treatments for Crohn’s disease?

A
  1. medicines to reduce inflammation in the digestive system – usually steroid tablets
  2. medicines to stop the inflammation coming back – either tablets or injections
  3. surgery to remove a small part of the digestive system – sometimes this may be a better treatment option than medicines
37
Q

What are the causes of Crohn’s disease?

A
  1. your genes – you’re more likely to get it if a close family member has it
  2. a problem with the immune system (the body’s defence against infection) that causes it to attack the digestive system
  3. smoking
  4. a previous stomach bug
  5. an abnormal balance of gut bacteria
38
Q

What is remission?

A

periods between flare-ups

39
Q

What are other symptoms of Crohn’s disease?

A
  1. a high temperature
  2. feeling and being sick
  3. joint pains
  4. sore, red eyes
  5. . patches of painful, red and swollen skin– usually on the legs
  6. mouth ulcers
    - Children with Crohn’s disease may grow more slowly than usual.
40
Q

What may the GP ask?

A
  • your symptoms
  • your diet
  • if you’ve been abroad recently – you might have an infection
  • any medicines you’re taking
  • if you have a family history of Crohn’s disease
41
Q

What examinations would the GP carry out?

A
  • feel and examine your tummy
  • take a sample of blood
  • ask you to provide a poo (stool) sample
42
Q

What would blood and stool sample be tested for?

A

things like inflammation – which could be due to Crohn’s disease – and infections. It may take a few days or weeks to get the results

43
Q

What tests would a gastroenterologist carry out?

A
  1. acolonoscopy– a thin, flexible tube with a camera at the end is inserted into your bottom to look for inflammation in your bowel
  2. abiopsy– tiny pieces of your bowel are removed during a colonoscopy and checked for signs of Crohn’s disease
  3. anMRI scanorCT scan– you may have a special drink first to make your bowel show up clearly on the scan
44
Q

Why could someone take Steroids from time to time with Crohn’s?

A
  1. can relieve symptoms by reducing inflammation in your digestive system – they usually start to work in a few days or weeks
  2. are usually taken as tablets once a day – sometimes they’re given as injections
  3. may be needed for a couple of months – do not stop taking them without getting medical advice
  4. can cause side effects like weight gain, indigestion, problems sleeping, an increased risk of infections and slower growth in children
45
Q

What else can help reduce symptoms for children and young adults?

A

liquid diet (enteral nutrition)

46
Q

Why is a liquid diet useful?

A
  1. Involves having special drinks that contain all the nutrients you need, instead of your usual diet, for a few weeks
  2. avoids the risk of slower growth that can happen with steroids
47
Q

What are the side effects of liquid diet?

A
  • feel sick
  • have diarrhoea
  • constipation while on the diet
48
Q

What are common types of immunosuppressants?

A

azathioprine, mercaptopurine and methotrexate

49
Q

How can immunosuppresants help?

A
  1. can relieve symptoms if steroids on their own are not working
  2. can be used as a long-term treatment to help stop symptoms coming back
  3. are usually taken as a tablet once a day, but sometimes they’re given as injections
  4. may be needed for several months or years
  5. can cause side effects like feeling and being sick, increased risk of infections and liver problems
50
Q

When would biological medicines be used?

A

If other medicines are not helping

51
Q

What biological medicines be used for Crohn’s disease?

A

adalimumab, infliximab, vedolizumab and ustekinumab

52
Q

What can biological medicines be used to?

A
  1. can relieve symptoms if other medicines are not working
  2. can be used as a long-term treatment to help stop symptoms coming back
  3. are given by injection or a drip into a vein every 2 to 8 weeks
  4. may be needed for several months or years
  5. can cause side effects like increased risk of infections and a reaction to the medicine leading to itching, joint
    pain and a high temperature
53
Q

What can resection operation involve?

A
  1. Making small cuts in your tummy (keyhole surgery).
  2. Removing a small inflamed section of bowel.
  3. Stitching the healthy parts of bowel together.
54
Q

What else can happen with a surgery/

A
  • hospital for about a week and it might take a few months to fully recover
  • need anileostomy(where poo comes out into a bag attached to your tummy) for a few months to let your bowel recover before it’s stitched back together
  • need to take medicine after surgery to help prevent symptoms returning.
55
Q

What medicines can make peoples symptoms worse?

A

anti-inflammatory painkillers likeibuprofen

56
Q

What are some possible complications of Crohn’s?

A
  1. damage to your bowel that may require surgery – such as scarring and narrowing (strictures), ulcers and small tunnels running from one part of your bowel to another (fistulas)
  2. difficulty absorbing nutrients from food – this can lead to problems likeweak bones (osteoporosis)or alack of iron (iron deficiency anaemia)
  3. bowel cancer– you may need regular cancer screening to check for this
57
Q

What are you more at risk of with Crohn’s/

A

get bowel cancer if you have Crohn’s disease
• after 10 years the risk is about 1 in 50
• after 20 years the risk is about 1 in 10
• after 30 years the risk is about 1 in 5
-regular colonoscopies

Z YEAR 2 CSI (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions