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BVetMed3 Alimentary > Diarrhoea In Farm Animals > Flashcards

Diarrhoea In Farm Animals Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three key influencing factors in cases of diarrhoea in large animals?

A

Pathogens,

Management

Host factors (immune system, stress)

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2
Q

What husbandry factor is key in insuring the health of calves?

A

COLOSTRUM

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3
Q

What perspectives do you have to consider when treating a farm animal?

A

The animal
The farm
Public health - farm staff and consumers

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4
Q

What broad categories of causes are likely responsible for diarrhoea?

A

Host factors

Environment and management

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5
Q

What host factors can result affect diarrhoea?

A

Age
Co-infections
Vaccinations
Dystocia

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6
Q

What environment and management factors affect diarrhoea?

A

Management grouping
Cleanliness
Nutrition
COLOSTRUM

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7
Q

What pathogens would you consider if a calf presented with acute diarrhoea?

A 
E.Coli (<5 days)
Cryptosporidia (5-14 days) 
Rotavirus (7-14 days)
Coronavirus (7-22 days)
Coccidia (> 3 weeks)
Salmonella (All ages)
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8
Q

Which pathogen could be responsible for diarrhoea in a calf less than 5 days old?

A

E.Coli

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9
Q

Which pathogen could be responsible for diarrhoea in a calf between 5 days and 2 weeks old?

A

Cryptosporidia
Rotavirus
Coronavirus

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10
Q

When can calves be infected with salmonella?

A

All ages

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11
Q

Why should the presence of E.Coli be interpreted with care in a faecal sample?

A

All faeces will grow E. Coli when cultured

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12
Q

Describe the morbidity and mortality of Rotavirus.

What sections of the GIT does it affect?

A

High morbidity, low mortality

Duodenum and Jejunum

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13
Q

Describe the morbidity and mortality of coronavirus in calves.

What sections of the GIT does it affect?

A

Slightly higher mortality than Rotavirus

Ileum, Caecum, Colon

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14
Q

What part of the GI tract does crypto involve?

What happens?

A

Lower part of SI and colon

Villous atrophy causes malabsorption

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15
Q

What is the most important public health issue affecting calves?

A

Salmonella

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16
Q

Why is it important to identify the species of salmonella present?

A

Important in identifying the source

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17
Q

Why is it important to keep milk buckets high?

A

Make sure that oesophageal groove closes and milk goes into the abomasum.

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18
Q

What are some likely causes of acute diarrhoea in adult cows?

A 
Salmonellosis 
Winter dysentery (Coronavirus)
Acidosis/SARA
Malignant Catarrhal Fever
Poisons (Ragwort, Arsenic)
Mucosal Disease (clinical manifestation of BVD)
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19
Q

What is winter dysentery?

A

Coronavirus

Diarrhoea stops in 3-4 days

Will recover but have a decreased milk yield and reduced fertility

20
Q

What type of virus is BVDV/BVSD?

A

Pestivirus

21
Q

What are the most common causes of acute diarrhoea in cattle?

A

Salmonellosis
Winter Dysentery
Acidosis/SARA

22
Q

What are causes of chronic diarrhoea in adult cows?

Which are most likely

A

Johnes
Ostertagia
Fluke
Mucosal Disease

Johnes, Ostertagia, Fluke

23
Q

What is the most likely clinical presentation of a patient with BVDV?

A

FERTILITY ISSUES AND ABORTIONS

Quite rarely causes diarrhoea

24
Q

What is likely to cause diarrhoea in lambs?

A

Watery mouth
Poor maternal milk production

Rotavirus
Coronavirus 
Crypto
E.Coli
Salmonellosis 
Lamb dysentery (C. perfringens)
25
Q

What are the causes of diarrhoea in 3-12 week old lambs?

Which are most likely?

A

Coccidiosis
Nematodirus
Teladorsagia
Tick-borne fever

Coccidiosis
Nematodirus

26
Q

How could you tell if there is faeces in the water?

A

Culture - E.Coli will be present

27
Q

What type of E.Coli causes scour?

A

ETEC

ETEC colonises small intestine

2 days to 1 week old, watery diarrhoea, yellow bum staining

28
Q

How can a neonatal calf/piglet/lamb get infected with ETEC?

How does ETEC cause pathology?

A

Colonisation of Lower small intestine following ingestion.

Stunting of villi

often in conjunction with rotavirus

29
Q

What does ETEC require?

How are they encoded?

A

Adhesive fimbriae

Enterotoxin

On plasmids, sometimes on same plasmid

30
Q

What is the importance of adhesive fimbriae to ETEC?

A

Required for specific attachment

31
Q

Why are ETEC strains often not zoonotic?

A

Colonisation factors are specific to different species

32
Q

What are the two types of enterotoxins produced by ETEC?

A

Labile Toxin (LT)

Stable Toxin (ST)

33
Q

How does LT affect the intestines?

A

Attaches to brush border of small intestinal cells.

Disturbs normal signal transduction - increases cAMP, Chlorine channels activated, Cl- secretion increased.

Na+ and H20 lost from tissue into lumen
= SECRETORY DIARRHOEA

34
Q

How can LT be fatal?

A

Dehydration and electrolyte loss with consequent metabolic acidosis sometimes fatal.

35
Q

How can you diagnose ETEC?

A

NOT faecal culture - E.Coli always present

Need to show BOTH:

  • Toxin - e.g. LT or gene for LT
  • Fimbriae- e.g. K88 or gene for K88
36
Q

What strain of E.Coli is a public health issue?

A

STEC - Shiga-toxin producing E.Coli

Causes effacement of villi and diarrhoea and haemorrhagic colitis in calves

Can be picked up by public e.g. farm shows, petting zoos and CAN KILL children and elderly

37
Q

How should you examine the faeces of cows?

A

Take SAMPLES (not swabs)

Take the samples from healthy and affected animals to see if the pathogen profile is different.

38
Q

What nutritional factors are essential for calves?

A

Clean, fresh water and adequate good quality colostrum.

Fresh concentrate

39
Q

What pathogen causes Johnes disease?

A

Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP)

40
Q

How does Johnes usually present ?

A

Older animals (4/5 years)

Severe ‘Hose pipe’ bubbly diarrhoea and weight loss

AFFECTED ADULTS INFECTIOUS

41
Q

How are animals with Johnes treated?

A

No treatment or cure, need to be culled on humane grounds.

42
Q

Is Johnes a public health risk?

A

Not always removed by routine pasteurisation

MAP could be linked to Crohns / IBD in humans

43
Q

How do animals get Johnes?

A

Acquired by young stock (from infectious adults) but becomes clinical several years later.

44
Q

How can Johnes be controlled?

A

Preventing young animals from being infected by faeces of adults(shouldn’t house adult cows and calf’s together)

AVOID POOLED COLOSTRUM - MAP can be transferred in colostrum

Identify subclinical infected adults (difficult!!!)

45
Q

How can MAP be diagnosed?

A

ELISA blood - low sensitivity high specificity - if you get a positive result, almost definitely infected.

Stain - ZN for acid fast bacteria

Faecal culture
PCR individual
Gut biopsy
Necropsy

46
Q

How much colostrum should a calf get?

A

6 litres in the first 12 hours

BVetMed3 Alimentary (16 decks)

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