Diarrhea Flashcards
Acute Diarrhea:
Duration: ___ weeks
Persistent Diarrhea:
Duration: ____ weeks
Chronic Diarrhea:
Duration: >4 weeks.
<2
2-4
> 4
The frequent passage of small volumes of stool, is often associated with rectal urgency, tenesmus, or a feeling of incomplete evacuation and accompanies IBS or proctitis
Pseudodiarrhea
The involuntary discharge of rectal contents and is most often caused by neuromuscular disorders or structural anorectal problems.
Fecal incontinence
More than 90% of cases of acute diarrhea are caused by _____
infectious agents;
Diarrhea occasionally is an early symptom of infection such as ____
SARS-CoV-2 and Legionella.
_____are probably the most common noninfectious causes of acute diarrhea,
Side effects from medications
The cornerstone of diagnosis in those suspected of severe acute infectious diarrhea is _____
microbiologic analysis of the stool
Brainerd diarrhea is an increasingly recognized entity characterized by an abrupt-onset diarrhea that persists for _____but may last 1–3 years, and is thought to be of infectious origin.
at least 4 weeks,
Indications for evaluation of acute diarrhea include:
profuse diarrhea with dehydration, grossly bloody stools, fever ≥38.5°C (≥101°F), duration >48 h without improvement, recent antibiotic use, new community outbreaks, associated severe abdominal pain in patients aged >50 years, and elderly (≥70 years) or immunocompromised patients.
______ may reduce symptoms of vomiting and diarrhea but should not be used to treat immunocompromised patients or those with renal impairment because of the risk ofencephalopathy.
Bismuth subsalicylate
Bismuth subsalicylate may reduce the frequency of ____
traveler’s diarrhea
Diarrhea lasting >4 weeks warrants evaluation to exclude serious underlying pathology.
Chronic diarrhea
______ are the most common secretory causes of chronic diarrhea.
Side effects from regular ingestion of drugs and toxins
Due to dihydroxy bile acids escaping absorption in the terminal ileum (e.g., Crohn’s ileitis, resection <100 cm).
Cholerheic diarrhea
Causes: Reduced feedback regulation (FGF-19 deficiency), genetic receptor protein variations, or accelerated colonic transit.
Idiopathic secretory diarrhea or BAD
____, one of the most common neuroendocrine tumors, most typically presents with refractory peptic ulcers, but diarrhea occurs in up to one-third of cases and may be the only clinical manifestation in 10%
Gastrinoma
The watery diarrhea hypokalemia achlorhydria syndrome, also called pancreatic cholera, is due to a ____
non-β cell pancreatic adenoma, referred to as a VIPoma,
Diarrhea caused by calcitonin, secretory peptides, or prostaglandins.
Associated with metastatic disease and poor prognosis.
Medullary thryroid carcinoma
Which drug is associated with spruelike enteropathy leading to secretory diarrhea?
A) Metoprolol
B) Olmesartan
C) Lisinopril
D) Amlodipine
B
What is the hallmark clinical feature of secretory diarrhea?
A) Presence of a fecal osmotic gap
B) Watery, large-volume fecal outputs that persist with fasting
C) Bloody stools with abdominal pain
D) Small, frequent stools with tenesmus
B
Which condition accounts for up to 40% of unexplained chronic diarrhea and is related to bile acid malabsorption?
A) Addison’s disease
B) Idiopathic bile acid diarrhea (BAD)
C) Villous adenomas
D) Systemic mastocytosis
B
Which hormonal tumor is associated with massive secretory diarrhea, hypokalemia, and flushing?
A) Medullary thyroid carcinoma
B) VIPoma
C) Carcinoid tumor
D) Gastrinoma
B
The watery diarrhea hypokalemia achlorhydria syndrome, also called pancreatic cholera, is due to a non-β cell pancreatic adenoma, referred to as a VIPoma.”
Which congenital defect is caused by a mutation in the NHE3 gene and results in acidosis?
A) Congenital chloridorrhea
B) Congenital sodium diarrhea
C) Villous adenoma
D) Addison’s disease
B