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ALU 101 > Diagnostic Tests > Flashcards

Diagnostic Tests Flashcards

1
Q

What is an X-Ray

A

A common imaging technique. The beam of radiation is scattered or absorbed in differing amounts by different tissues.

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2
Q

What are the 4 densities of X-Rays?

A
  1. ) Fat
  2. ) Water
  3. ) Air
  4. ) Bone
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3
Q

What is Computed Radiography

A

uses a laser and a computer to read and store the image from the plate

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4
Q

What is Digital Radiography?

A

digital x-ray sensors are used to transmit the image immediately to a computer. No plate required. Faster, and emits a lower dose of raditation.

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5
Q

What is Fluoroscopy and give an example

A

imaging tool that allows for the view of real time, moving parts of the body.

Example: barium moving through the intestine.

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6
Q

What are Contrast Agents? and give 3 examples.

A

allow for a better view of tubular or hollow structures.

Agents include:

  1. ) Barium
  2. ) Iodine
  3. ) Gadolinium
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7
Q

What is Nuclear Medicine?

A

Involves the use of small amounts of a short-lived radioactive substance (radioisotope) that is formulated and absorbed by targeted tissues

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8
Q

Nuclear studies are useful for?

A

imagining of bone, thyroid function, and hepatobiliary function.

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9
Q

What is an Ultrasonography

A

procedure that utilizes high-frequency sound waves to image soft tissue.

produce an image known as an ultrasound.

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10
Q

What is Hyperechoic, Hypoechoic, and Anechoic and give an example of the type of tissue they reflect

A

Hyperechoic - reflect large number of sound waves (Fat)
Hypoechoic - reflect small number of sound waves (Fluid)
Anechoic - absence of reflected sound waves (Fluid)

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11
Q

What are the advantages of US over MRI and CT scanning?

A
  1. ) Its ability to differentiate solid from fluid-filled structures
  2. ) Lower Cost
  3. ) Portability
  4. ) Accessibility
  5. ) No exposure to ionizing radiation
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12
Q

Limitations of US include:

A
  1. ) the skill of the ultrasonographer
  2. ) image resolution not as good as other techniques
  3. ) “noise” produced when US waves hit gas and bone
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13
Q

What are the different types of US techniques used to produce images?

A

A-Mode, B-Mode, M-Mode, and grayscale

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14
Q

A-Mode, B-Mode, M-Mode, and grayscale provide information on what?

A

structural size, motion, or both.

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15
Q

Doppler US

A

used to measure the velocity and direction of blood flow within the heart and blood vessels by measuring changes in pitch (sound-wave frequency)

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16
Q

Duplex Scan

A

combines the B-mode with Doppler US

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17
Q

CT scans

A

are created by passing a roating beam of x-rays into the individual and obtaining thousands of point images at specific depths

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18
Q

What is the advantage of CT scans over US and plain X-rays? and what is a disadvantage?

A

Produce higher quality images

Higher dose of ionizing radiation

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19
Q

Spiral or helical scanners

A

are faster, can have multiple rows of detectors, provide thinner slices, minimize motion artifact, and move continuously as the table moves.

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20
Q

What is an EBCT and what does it do?

A

ultrafast CT scans. Produce images of the coronary arteries despite the motion of the heart.

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21
Q

What is an MRI and what is an advantage of an MRI?

A

use a magnetic field to induce changes in proton spin within tissues.

produce unparalleled pictures of soft-tissue, organs, bone and other internal structures without ionizing radiation.

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22
Q

When is MRI preferred to CT

A

when soft tissue resolution is needed.

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23
Q

What is a PET scan? and how will abnormal and cancerous cells show up on the PET scan?

A

diagnostic images obtained from the decay of a positron emitting radionuclide agent.

will show up as different colors or degrees of brightness.

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24
Q

Limitations of PET scans include:

Hint: 6 of them

A
  1. ) cost
  2. ) accessibility
  3. ) short half life of radionuclide agent
  4. ) elevated serum glucose or insulin levels can adversely affect the results
  5. ) Limited sensitivity for tumors smaller than 10mm
  6. ) high degree of expertise is required
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25
What is angiography?
imaging study used to visualize major blood vessels in the body. A catheter is inserted and contrast material is injected. The gold standard for vessel imaging.
26
venogram
when angiography is done to image veins
27
arteriogram
when angiography is done to image arteries
28
What is a CTA and MRA and what are there advantages compared to a traditional angiography
Computed tomography angiography (CTA) Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) - Less invasive - less risk - produce reasonably accurate images of the arteries and veins
29
What is an Endoscopy?
allows for the inspection of cavities and hollow organs. Invasive procedure that employs the optical qualities of fiberoptic technology and a powerful lens system that allows light to travel and images to be transmitted through curved structures.
30
What is an Endoscopy used for
1. ) instillation of drugs, air, or fluid 2. ) suction, irrigation, and cauterization 3. ) perform biopsies
31
What test for which diagnosis - Brain and Nervous System: 1.) Acute Head Trauma
CT scan
32
2.) Transient ischemic attack (TIA)
CT, MRI, Carotid US
33
3.) Brain abscess
CT or MRI with contrast
34
4.) Acute hemorrhage, acute hemorrhagic stroke
CT or MRI scan
35
5.) Sinus disease
CT or MRI scan
36
6.) Hydrocephalus
CT, MRI, or Cisternography
37
7.) Aneurysm, arteriovenous malformation
MRA or CTA
38
8.) Acute non-hemorrhagic stroke
MRI
39
9.) Tumor or Metastasis
MRI
40
10.) Multiple Sclerosis (MS)
MRI
41
11.) Alzheimer's
MRI, or PET/CT scan
42
Carotid duplex ultrasound
measure the focal blood flow velocities in the carotid artery and provides an estimate of carotid stenosis and residual lumen diameter US is used to estimate carotid intima-media thickening.
43
PET scan is valuable tool because:
1. ) can identify the extent and spread of certain brain cancers, evaluate the efficacy of chemo, and identify recurrent lesions 2. ) diagnose early Alzheimer's Disease and differentiate this disease from different dementias 3. ) localize epileptic foci
44
What is SPECT and what does it do?
single photon emission computed tomography. uses a gamma camera, computer, and IV radionuclide to look at blood flow and provide 3D images.
45
Lumbar puncture ("Spinal Tap") and what does it check for?
insertion of a needle into the subarachnoid space between the forth and fifth lumbar vertebrae to withdraw CSF for testing, checking for bacteria, protein, immunoglobulins, and RBCs and WBCs.
46
What is Cisternography?
radiographic imaging of the subarachnoid spaces that contain spinal fluid (cisterns)
47
What is Tilt table test used for?
used to evaluate fainting (syncope) particularly when cardiac testing and seizure evaluation have not provided a diagnosis
48
What do EEGs record?
alpha, beta, delta, and theta waves
49
alpha, beta, delta, and theta waves are influenced by?
an individuals alertness and level of consciousness
50
what is a Visual Evoked Potential (VEPs) and what is it used to diagnose?
Detect slowing of electrical conduction due to demyelination. Diagnose: MS
51
Brainstem auditory evoked response (BAER) and what is it used to diagnose?
electrical response to a click or noise made in each ear. diagnose: deafness (primarily in infants) and response is delayed in MS
52
Somatosensory Evoked Potentials (SSEPs) and what are they used for?
detect sequential activation of nerves along pathways. used to monitor nerve function during surgery.
53
Radioactive Iodine Uptake (RAI) what is it used for?
determine the function of the thyroid
54
Cold Nodule
Less uptake than normal thyroid tissue and have an increased probability of malignancy.
55
Hot Nodule
Greater uptake than normal thyroid
56
How is Fine needle aspirate (FNA) done and what is it used for?
is done by inserting a needle into the thyroid nodule and obtaining cells and/or fluid for pathological diagnosis. used to differentiate whether a cold nodule seen on a scan is benign or malignant
57
What Test for Which Diagnosis - NECK, CHEST and LUNGS 1. Placement of tubes and in-dwelling lines
X-Ray
58
2. Pneumonia, atelectasis
X-Ray
59
3. SOB, Asthma, COPD, Interstitial lung disease, and chronic cough
X-Ray, PFTs, and CT scan
60
4. Bronchiectasis
X-Ray, PFTs, Bronchoscopy, and CT scan
61
5. Pneumothorax
X-Ray
62
6. blebs and bullae
X-Ray, and CT
63
7. Foreign body, aspiration
X-Ray
64
8. Asbestosis
X-Ray
65
9. Hemoptysis
X-Ray, CT, and Bronchoscopy
66
10. Mediastinal mass
CT w/ contrast
67
11.Pulmonary Nodules
CT scan
68
12. Lung Tumor
X-Ray, CT, and Bronchoscopy
69
13. Localization of pleural effusion before thoracentesis
X-Ray, and US
70
14. Interstitial lung disease
CT, PFTs
71
15. Pulmonary embolus
X-Ray, V/Q scan, Angiography, and CT scan
72
A Bronchoscopy permits:
visualization of the trachae and vocal cords, as well as the main bronchial tubes and smaller branches but does not give a direct view of the lung parenchyma
73
A Bronchoscopy is used for:
Biopsy of tissue by bronchial washing, brushing, or direct tissue removal
74
What is a Ventilation Perfusion Scan?
study air flow (ventilation) and blood flow (perfusion) in the lungs
75
What does Oxygen Saturation measure?
% of RBCs "saturated" with oxygen
76
What do Pulmonary Function Tests (PFTs) do?
record the movement of air into and out of the lungs and plot it against time.
77
Forced vital capacity (FVC) is:
the maximum volume of air exhaled after deep inspiration
78
forced expiratory volume at 1 second (FEV1) is:
measurement made at 1 second after exhaling as hard and fast as possible
79
Diffusing capacity (DCLO)
ability of inhaled carbon monoxide to move out of the lungs and into the blood. gives important info on the gas exchanging capacity of the lungs.
80
Polysomnography is used to diagnose what?
Obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome
81
A polysomnography records all of the following: Hint: 9 things
1. ) EEGs 2. ) record eye movement 3. ) respiratory effort 4. ) airflow 5. ) oxygen saturation 6. ) EKG 7. ) body position 8. ) submental and anterior tibialis movements 9. ) noises, including snoring
82
Mammography
routine screening for breast cancer
83
Breast US
differentiate simple from complex cysts and cystic structures from nodules
84
What test for which diagnosis - Cardiovascular 1 - Most cardiac problems
Chest x-ray, EKG, stress test
85
2 - Left ventricular ejection fraction
gated radionuclide blood pool study, Echo, and SPECT
86
3 - Congestive heart failure (CHF)
chest x-ray, and echo
87
4 - thoracic aneurysm
CT w/ contrast, Transesophageal echo (TEE)
88
5 - Aortic aneurysm
CT w/ contrast
89
6 - congenital heart disease
chest x-ray, echo, cardiac cath
90
7 - endocarditis/pericarditis
echo
91
8 - valvular disease
echo
92
9 - PVD/claudication
Doppler US, ankle-brachial index
93
10 - Carotid Bruit
Doppler US
94
11 - DVT
Doppler venous US
95
Echocardiograms combined with US allows for:
assessment of chamber sizes, sizes of great vessels, valve structures, valve function and pressures within the heart.
96
TEE
Transesphageal echo allows for imaging of heart in all planes without the interference of the chest wall.
97
Holt Monitor
24 hour EKG recording done to diagnose arrhythmias
98
KUB stands for:
Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder
99
KUB is:
the most common x-ray of the abdomen
100
Barium Swallow
Involves the ingestion of contrast material that coats the esophagus, stomach, and small intestine for better visualization of these organs
101
Gastric emptying
How long it takes for an ingested meal, containing a small amount of radioactive isotope to pass out the stomach
102
Laparoscopy
C02 is pumped in to move the abdominal wall and separate surrounding structures. Used for surgical procedures and biopsies
103
Colonoscopy
endoscope is inserted into the colon. It allows for biopsy and the removal of polyps and small tumors, and photographs are taken
104
Liver Biopsy
Sampling of liver tissue for pathology
105
What these for which diagnosis: Genitourinary Calculus
KUB, CT
106
Hematuria
Intravenous pyelogram (IVP) Cystoscopy
107
Renal Trauma
CT w/ contrast
108
Hydronephrosis/Obstruction
US, IVP
109
Renal vein thrombosis
MRI
110
Probable cyst as incidental finding on IVP or CT
US
111
Probable mass found on IVP
CT with and without contrast, MRI
112
Polycystic kidney disease
CT, US
113
Bladder tumor
Cystoscopy, CT w/ contrast
114
Renal artery stenosis
Captopril renal scan, Duplex CT, MRA
115
What is an Intravenous pyelogram (IVP)
Contrast agent is used to provide detailed images of the collecting system, calyces, and renal pelvis of the kidneys and images the ureters
116
What does a renal scan do
evaluate blood flow to the kidneys
117
Cystoscopy
insertion of a flexible cystoscope into the bladder in order to look for causes of bladder dysfunction or for inflammation, or malignant causes of hematuria
118
what is a DEXA scan and what does it evaluate
Dual energy x-ray absorptiometry. Evaluates bone mass
119
What test for which diagnosis - Musculoskeletal Fracture, subluxation of the spine
X-Ray
120
Stress fracture, occult hip fracture
MRI
121
Bone/mineral loss
DEXA scan
122
Metastases
X-Ray, CT, Bone Scan, PET
123
Osteomyelitis
X-Ray, 3 phase bone scan, MRI
124
Back pain with radiculopathy, herniated disc
MRI, Myelography, CT
125
Arthritis
X-ray
126
Spinal tumor
MRI
127
Shoulder pain
X-ray, MRI
128
Neurogenic claudication
MRI and CT
129
Temporal bone, cholesteastoma
CT
130
Myelopathy
MRI
131
Carpal tunnel syndrome
nerve conduction tests
132
What is a Pap Test
Most common screening test for cervical cancer
133
What test for which diagnosis - Reproductive Organs Pelvic or scrotal pain
US
134
Uterine fibroids
Pelvic US
135
Cervical, uterine, ovarian cancer
US, CT w/contrast, MRI
136
Abnormal Pap smear
Colposcopy
137
Abnormal uterine bleeding
Pelvic US, Transvaginal US
138
Endometriosis
US, Laparoscopy
139
Prostate
US
140
Testicular/scrotal masses
Doppler US
141
Postvoid residual urine
catheter insertion after voiding, US

ALU 101 (1 decks)

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