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ALU 101 > Diagnostic Tests > Flashcards

Diagnostic Tests Flashcards

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1
Q

What is an X-Ray

A

A common imaging technique. The beam of radiation is scattered or absorbed in differing amounts by different tissues.

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2
Q

What are the 4 densities of X-Rays?

A
  1. ) Fat
  2. ) Water
  3. ) Air
  4. ) Bone
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3
Q

What is Computed Radiography

A

uses a laser and a computer to read and store the image from the plate

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4
Q

What is Digital Radiography?

A

digital x-ray sensors are used to transmit the image immediately to a computer. No plate required. Faster, and emits a lower dose of raditation.

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5
Q

What is Fluoroscopy and give an example

A

imaging tool that allows for the view of real time, moving parts of the body.

Example: barium moving through the intestine.

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6
Q

What are Contrast Agents? and give 3 examples.

A

allow for a better view of tubular or hollow structures.

Agents include:

  1. ) Barium
  2. ) Iodine
  3. ) Gadolinium
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7
Q

What is Nuclear Medicine?

A

Involves the use of small amounts of a short-lived radioactive substance (radioisotope) that is formulated and absorbed by targeted tissues

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8
Q

Nuclear studies are useful for?

A

imagining of bone, thyroid function, and hepatobiliary function.

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9
Q

What is an Ultrasonography

A

procedure that utilizes high-frequency sound waves to image soft tissue.

produce an image known as an ultrasound.

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10
Q

What is Hyperechoic, Hypoechoic, and Anechoic and give an example of the type of tissue they reflect

A

Hyperechoic - reflect large number of sound waves (Fat)
Hypoechoic - reflect small number of sound waves (Fluid)
Anechoic - absence of reflected sound waves (Fluid)

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11
Q

What are the advantages of US over MRI and CT scanning?

A
  1. ) Its ability to differentiate solid from fluid-filled structures
  2. ) Lower Cost
  3. ) Portability
  4. ) Accessibility
  5. ) No exposure to ionizing radiation
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12
Q

Limitations of US include:

A
  1. ) the skill of the ultrasonographer
  2. ) image resolution not as good as other techniques
  3. ) “noise” produced when US waves hit gas and bone
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13
Q

What are the different types of US techniques used to produce images?

A

A-Mode, B-Mode, M-Mode, and grayscale

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14
Q

A-Mode, B-Mode, M-Mode, and grayscale provide information on what?

A

structural size, motion, or both.

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15
Q

Doppler US

A

used to measure the velocity and direction of blood flow within the heart and blood vessels by measuring changes in pitch (sound-wave frequency)

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16
Q

Duplex Scan

A

combines the B-mode with Doppler US

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17
Q

CT scans

A

are created by passing a roating beam of x-rays into the individual and obtaining thousands of point images at specific depths

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18
Q

What is the advantage of CT scans over US and plain X-rays? and what is a disadvantage?

A

Produce higher quality images

Higher dose of ionizing radiation

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19
Q

Spiral or helical scanners

A

are faster, can have multiple rows of detectors, provide thinner slices, minimize motion artifact, and move continuously as the table moves.

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20
Q

What is an EBCT and what does it do?

A

ultrafast CT scans. Produce images of the coronary arteries despite the motion of the heart.

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21
Q

What is an MRI and what is an advantage of an MRI?

A

use a magnetic field to induce changes in proton spin within tissues.

produce unparalleled pictures of soft-tissue, organs, bone and other internal structures without ionizing radiation.

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22
Q

When is MRI preferred to CT

A

when soft tissue resolution is needed.

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23
Q

What is a PET scan? and how will abnormal and cancerous cells show up on the PET scan?

A

diagnostic images obtained from the decay of a positron emitting radionuclide agent.

will show up as different colors or degrees of brightness.

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24
Q

Limitations of PET scans include:

Hint: 6 of them

A
  1. ) cost
  2. ) accessibility
  3. ) short half life of radionuclide agent
  4. ) elevated serum glucose or insulin levels can adversely affect the results
  5. ) Limited sensitivity for tumors smaller than 10mm
  6. ) high degree of expertise is required
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25
Q

What is angiography?

A

imaging study used to visualize major blood vessels in the body. A catheter is inserted and contrast material is injected.

The gold standard for vessel imaging.

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26
Q

venogram

A

when angiography is done to image veins

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27
Q

arteriogram

A

when angiography is done to image arteries

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28
Q

What is a CTA and MRA and what are there advantages compared to a traditional angiography

A

Computed tomography angiography (CTA)
Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA)

  • Less invasive
  • less risk
  • produce reasonably accurate images of the arteries and veins
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29
Q

What is an Endoscopy?

A

allows for the inspection of cavities and hollow organs.

Invasive procedure that employs the optical qualities of fiberoptic technology and a powerful lens system that allows light to travel and images to be transmitted through curved structures.

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30
Q

What is an Endoscopy used for

A
  1. ) instillation of drugs, air, or fluid
  2. ) suction, irrigation, and cauterization
  3. ) perform biopsies
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31
Q

What test for which diagnosis - Brain and Nervous System:

1.) Acute Head Trauma

A

CT scan

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32
Q

2.) Transient ischemic attack (TIA)

A

CT, MRI, Carotid US

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33
Q

3.) Brain abscess

A

CT or MRI with contrast

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34
Q

4.) Acute hemorrhage, acute hemorrhagic stroke

A

CT or MRI scan

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35
Q

5.) Sinus disease

A

CT or MRI scan

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36
Q

6.) Hydrocephalus

A

CT, MRI, or Cisternography

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37
Q

7.) Aneurysm, arteriovenous malformation

A

MRA or CTA

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38
Q

8.) Acute non-hemorrhagic stroke

A

MRI

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39
Q

9.) Tumor or Metastasis

A

MRI

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40
Q

10.) Multiple Sclerosis (MS)

A

MRI

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41
Q

11.) Alzheimer’s

A

MRI, or PET/CT scan

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42
Q

Carotid duplex ultrasound

A

measure the focal blood flow velocities in the carotid artery and provides an estimate of carotid stenosis and residual lumen diameter

US is used to estimate carotid intima-media thickening.

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43
Q

PET scan is valuable tool because:

A
  1. ) can identify the extent and spread of certain brain cancers, evaluate the efficacy of chemo, and identify recurrent lesions
  2. ) diagnose early Alzheimer’s Disease and differentiate this disease from different dementias
  3. ) localize epileptic foci
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44
Q

What is SPECT and what does it do?

A

single photon emission computed tomography.

uses a gamma camera, computer, and IV radionuclide to look at blood flow and provide 3D images.

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45
Q

Lumbar puncture (“Spinal Tap”) and what does it check for?

A

insertion of a needle into the subarachnoid space between the forth and fifth lumbar vertebrae to withdraw CSF for testing, checking for bacteria, protein, immunoglobulins, and RBCs and WBCs.

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46
Q

What is Cisternography?

A

radiographic imaging of the subarachnoid spaces that contain spinal fluid (cisterns)

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47
Q

What is Tilt table test used for?

A

used to evaluate fainting (syncope) particularly when cardiac testing and seizure evaluation have not provided a diagnosis

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48
Q

What do EEGs record?

A

alpha, beta, delta, and theta waves

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49
Q

alpha, beta, delta, and theta waves are influenced by?

A

an individuals alertness and level of consciousness

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50
Q

what is a Visual Evoked Potential (VEPs) and what is it used to diagnose?

A

Detect slowing of electrical conduction due to demyelination.

Diagnose: MS

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51
Q

Brainstem auditory evoked response (BAER) and what is it used to diagnose?

A

electrical response to a click or noise made in each ear.

diagnose: deafness (primarily in infants) and response is delayed in MS

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52
Q

Somatosensory Evoked Potentials (SSEPs) and what are they used for?

A

detect sequential activation of nerves along pathways.

used to monitor nerve function during surgery.

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53
Q

Radioactive Iodine Uptake (RAI) what is it used for?

A

determine the function of the thyroid

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54
Q

Cold Nodule

A

Less uptake than normal thyroid tissue and have an increased probability of malignancy.

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55
Q

Hot Nodule

A

Greater uptake than normal thyroid

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56
Q

How is Fine needle aspirate (FNA) done and what is it used for?

A

is done by inserting a needle into the thyroid nodule and obtaining cells and/or fluid for pathological diagnosis.

used to differentiate whether a cold nodule seen on a scan is benign or malignant

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57
Q

What Test for Which Diagnosis - NECK, CHEST and LUNGS

  1. Placement of tubes and in-dwelling lines
A

X-Ray

58
Q
  1. Pneumonia, atelectasis
A

X-Ray

59
Q
  1. SOB, Asthma, COPD, Interstitial lung disease, and chronic cough
A

X-Ray, PFTs, and CT scan

60
Q
  1. Bronchiectasis
A

X-Ray, PFTs, Bronchoscopy, and CT scan

61
Q
  1. Pneumothorax
A

X-Ray

62
Q
  1. blebs and bullae
A

X-Ray, and CT

63
Q
  1. Foreign body, aspiration
A

X-Ray

64
Q
  1. Asbestosis
A

X-Ray

65
Q
  1. Hemoptysis
A

X-Ray, CT, and Bronchoscopy

66
Q
  1. Mediastinal mass
A

CT w/ contrast

67
Q

11.Pulmonary Nodules

A

CT scan

68
Q
  1. Lung Tumor
A

X-Ray, CT, and Bronchoscopy

69
Q
  1. Localization of pleural effusion before thoracentesis
A

X-Ray, and US

70
Q
  1. Interstitial lung disease
A

CT, PFTs

71
Q
  1. Pulmonary embolus
A

X-Ray, V/Q scan, Angiography, and CT scan

72
Q

A Bronchoscopy permits:

A

visualization of the trachae and vocal cords, as well as the main bronchial tubes and smaller branches but does not give a direct view of the lung parenchyma

73
Q

A Bronchoscopy is used for:

A

Biopsy of tissue by bronchial washing, brushing, or direct tissue removal

74
Q

What is a Ventilation Perfusion Scan?

A

study air flow (ventilation) and blood flow (perfusion) in the lungs

75
Q

What does Oxygen Saturation measure?

A

% of RBCs “saturated” with oxygen

76
Q

What do Pulmonary Function Tests (PFTs) do?

A

record the movement of air into and out of the lungs and plot it against time.

77
Q

Forced vital capacity (FVC) is:

A

the maximum volume of air exhaled after deep inspiration

78
Q

forced expiratory volume at 1 second (FEV1) is:

A

measurement made at 1 second after exhaling as hard and fast as possible

79
Q

Diffusing capacity (DCLO)

A

ability of inhaled carbon monoxide to move out of the lungs and into the blood.

gives important info on the gas exchanging capacity of the lungs.

80
Q

Polysomnography is used to diagnose what?

A

Obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome

81
Q

A polysomnography records all of the following:

Hint: 9 things

A
  1. ) EEGs
  2. ) record eye movement
  3. ) respiratory effort
  4. ) airflow
  5. ) oxygen saturation
  6. ) EKG
  7. ) body position
  8. ) submental and anterior tibialis movements
  9. ) noises, including snoring
82
Q

Mammography

A

routine screening for breast cancer

83
Q

Breast US

A

differentiate simple from complex cysts and cystic structures from nodules

84
Q

What test for which diagnosis - Cardiovascular

1 - Most cardiac problems

A

Chest x-ray, EKG, stress test

85
Q

2 - Left ventricular ejection fraction

A

gated radionuclide blood pool study, Echo, and SPECT

86
Q

3 - Congestive heart failure (CHF)

A

chest x-ray, and echo

87
Q

4 - thoracic aneurysm

A

CT w/ contrast, Transesophageal echo (TEE)

88
Q

5 - Aortic aneurysm

A

CT w/ contrast

89
Q

6 - congenital heart disease

A

chest x-ray, echo, cardiac cath

90
Q

7 - endocarditis/pericarditis

A

echo

91
Q

8 - valvular disease

A

echo

92
Q

9 - PVD/claudication

A

Doppler US, ankle-brachial index

93
Q

10 - Carotid Bruit

A

Doppler US

94
Q

11 - DVT

A

Doppler venous US

95
Q

Echocardiograms combined with US allows for:

A

assessment of chamber sizes, sizes of great vessels, valve structures, valve function and pressures within the heart.

96
Q

TEE

A

Transesphageal echo allows for imaging of heart in all planes without the interference of the chest wall.

97
Q

Holt Monitor

A

24 hour EKG recording done to diagnose arrhythmias

98
Q

KUB stands for:

A

Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder

99
Q

KUB is:

A

the most common x-ray of the abdomen

100
Q

Barium Swallow

A

Involves the ingestion of contrast material that coats the esophagus, stomach, and small intestine for better visualization of these organs

101
Q

Gastric emptying

A

How long it takes for an ingested meal, containing a small amount of radioactive isotope to pass out the stomach

102
Q

Laparoscopy

A

C02 is pumped in to move the abdominal wall and separate surrounding structures.

Used for surgical procedures and biopsies

103
Q

Colonoscopy

A

endoscope is inserted into the colon. It allows for biopsy and the removal of polyps and small tumors, and photographs are taken

104
Q

Liver Biopsy

A

Sampling of liver tissue for pathology

105
Q

What these for which diagnosis: Genitourinary

Calculus

A

KUB, CT

106
Q

Hematuria

A

Intravenous pyelogram (IVP) Cystoscopy

107
Q

Renal Trauma

A

CT w/ contrast

108
Q

Hydronephrosis/Obstruction

A

US, IVP

109
Q

Renal vein thrombosis

A

MRI

110
Q

Probable cyst as incidental finding on IVP or CT

A

US

111
Q

Probable mass found on IVP

A

CT with and without contrast, MRI

112
Q

Polycystic kidney disease

A

CT, US

113
Q

Bladder tumor

A

Cystoscopy, CT w/ contrast

114
Q

Renal artery stenosis

A

Captopril renal scan, Duplex CT, MRA

115
Q

What is an Intravenous pyelogram (IVP)

A

Contrast agent is used to provide detailed images of the collecting system, calyces, and renal pelvis of the kidneys and images the ureters

116
Q

What does a renal scan do

A

evaluate blood flow to the kidneys

117
Q

Cystoscopy

A

insertion of a flexible cystoscope into the bladder in order to look for causes of bladder dysfunction or for inflammation, or malignant causes of hematuria

118
Q

what is a DEXA scan and what does it evaluate

A

Dual energy x-ray absorptiometry.

Evaluates bone mass

119
Q

What test for which diagnosis - Musculoskeletal

Fracture, subluxation of the spine

A

X-Ray

120
Q

Stress fracture, occult hip fracture

A

MRI

121
Q

Bone/mineral loss

A

DEXA scan

122
Q

Metastases

A

X-Ray, CT, Bone Scan, PET

123
Q

Osteomyelitis

A

X-Ray, 3 phase bone scan, MRI

124
Q

Back pain with radiculopathy, herniated disc

A

MRI, Myelography, CT

125
Q

Arthritis

A

X-ray

126
Q

Spinal tumor

A

MRI

127
Q

Shoulder pain

A

X-ray, MRI

128
Q

Neurogenic claudication

A

MRI and CT

129
Q

Temporal bone, cholesteastoma

A

CT

130
Q

Myelopathy

A

MRI

131
Q

Carpal tunnel syndrome

A

nerve conduction tests

132
Q

What is a Pap Test

A

Most common screening test for cervical cancer

133
Q

What test for which diagnosis - Reproductive Organs

Pelvic or scrotal pain

A

US

134
Q

Uterine fibroids

A

Pelvic US

135
Q

Cervical, uterine, ovarian cancer

A

US, CT w/contrast, MRI

136
Q

Abnormal Pap smear

A

Colposcopy

137
Q

Abnormal uterine bleeding

A

Pelvic US, Transvaginal US

138
Q

Endometriosis

A

US, Laparoscopy

139
Q

Prostate

A

US

140
Q

Testicular/scrotal masses

A

Doppler US

141
Q

Postvoid residual urine

A

catheter insertion after voiding, US

ALU 101 (1 decks)

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