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Exam 2 Pharmacology > Diagnostic tests > Flashcards

Diagnostic tests Flashcards

1
Q

First Pass Effect

A

Liver breaks down medication with enzymes based on drugs bioavailability

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2
Q

Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST)

A

NR: 10-40 units/L
Heart & Liver

High levels = heart/liver damage

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3
Q

Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT)

A

NR: 8-40 units/L
Specific to liver

If found in bloodstream, liver is damaged

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4
Q

Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN)

A

NR: 10-20 mg/dl

>50 = poor kidney function

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5
Q

Creatinine

A

NR: 0.5-1.2 mg/dl
Low = low protein intake, severe liver disease
High = impaired kidney fxn, CHF, dehydrated

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6
Q

Potassium

A

NR: 3.5-5.0 mEq/L
Low = N/V, loss of KCL, cramps, diuretics
High = renal failure, cardiac arrest, NSAIDS, use of KCL

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7
Q

Half Life of medications

A

How long it takes for half of the dose to be eliminated from bloodstream

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8
Q

Examples of medications with long half-life

A

Anti-psychotics; medications taken once or twice daily

“Longer 1/2 life = greater compliance”

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9
Q

Examples of medications with short half-life

A

IV meds, morphine; sleep meds, anesthesia

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10
Q

Factors affecting drug action

A

Developmental considerations, weight, gender, genetic and cultural factors, psychological factors, pathology, environment, timing of administration

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11
Q

What is Heparin? What do you monitor?

A

Blood thinner

monitor Partial thromboplastin time (PTT)
NR: 25-35s (time for clotting)

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12
Q

If receiving IV Heparin, how does PTT differ?

A

PTT increases to 46-70 (increases time to clot; thins blood)
If clot time is low/normal, INCREASE Heparin
Trying to PREVENT formation of clots

Protamine to thicken blood

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13
Q

If receiving SQ Heparin, what do you monitor?

A

Monitor platelet count

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14
Q

What is Lovenox? What do you monitor?

A

Blood thinner; monitor platelets (control bleeding)
NR: 150,000-450,000 per microliter

Hold, if platelets <200,000 per microliter

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15
Q

What are the normal ranges of platelets for men? Women?

A

Men: 237,000 per microliter

Women 266,000 per microliter

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16
Q

Thrombocytopenia

A

Excessive bleeding, bruising (blood too thin)

<150,000 per microliter

17
Q

Thrombocytosis

A

> 450,000 per microliter; blood too thick

18
Q

What is prothrombin (PT)?

A

Indicates therapeutic level of Coumadin
NR: 9.5-13.5 s

*if still low/normal, increase Coumadin
higher the dose = thinner the blood

19
Q

What is Coumadin? How do you monitor?

A

Oral blood thinner; monitor International normalized ratio (INR)

20
Q

What are therapeutic ranges of Coumadin?

A

Standard therapeutic range = 2.0-3.0
Sub-therapeutic range = 1.2-2.0 (blood too thick)

3.0-4.5 in pts with valve replacements

21
Q

What is the NR when not on Coumadin?

A

0.8-1.2s

22
Q

What increases INR? How does it affect blood?

A

Coumadin, alcohol and aspirin

It thins out the blood (bleeding risk, slower clotting time)

23
Q

What decreases INR? How does it affect the blood?

A

Vitamin K veggies (avocado, kale, spinach), CoQ10, green tea

Blood becomes thick (stroke risk, faster clotting time)

24
Q

What are the normal Hemoglobin (Hb) ranges for men? Women?

A 
Men = 14-18
Women = 12-16
25
Q

What are the Hematocrit (HCT) ranges for men? Women?

A 
Men = 42-52%
Women = 37-48%
26
Q

Hyponatremia

A

Sodium NR: 135-145 mEq/L

Serum <135 mEq/L

27
Q

Hypernatremia

A

Sodium NR: 135-145 mEq/L

Serum >145 mEq/L

28
Q

Hypokalemia

A

Potassium NR: 3.5-5.2 mEq/L

Serum <3.5 mEq/L

29
Q

Hyperkalemia

A

Potassium NR: 3.5-5.0 mEq/L

Serum >5.0 mEq/L

30
Q

Hypomagnesemia

A

Mg NR: 1.6-2.6 mg/dL

Serum <1.6 mg/dL

31
Q

Hypermagnesemia

A

Mg NR: 1.6-2.6 mg/dL

Serum >2.6 mg/dL

32
Q

What is normal urinary output?

A

30 mL/hour

<20 mL/hour CRITICAL

33
Q

Hypocalcemia

A

Ca NR: 8.2-10.6 mg/dL

Serum <8.2 mg/dL

34
Q

Hypercalcemia

A

Ca NR: 8.2-10.6 mg/dL

Serum >10.6 mg/dL

35
Q

What is the normal range for white blood cell count (WBC)?

A

NR: 5,000-10,000 mm3

36
Q

What is the normal range of neutrophils?

A

NR: 50-70% of differential

Exam 2 Pharmacology (1 decks)

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