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ID Exam 1 > Diagnostic Testing 1 > Flashcards

Diagnostic Testing 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Types of samples taken from patients

A

Blood
Sputum
Urine
Stool
Pus
CSF
Mucus drainage

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2
Q

Antigens include

A

Generally includes bacteria, viruses, and other foreign invaders

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3
Q

An antigen is _____

A

any substance capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response in the body and reacting with the products of that response

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4
Q

Antibody

A

An immunoglobulin molecule having a specific amino acid sequence that gives each antibody the ability to adhere to and interact with the antigen that induced its synthesis.
Such as antibodies made targeting Hepatitis B.

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5
Q

What are serologic tests focused on?

A

these tests focus on the immune component of the serum, looking at antigens or antibodies

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6
Q

Types of serologic tests (sometimes called Immunologic Tests):

A
  • Agglutination Tests: Latex type
  • Enzyme Immunoassays
  • Western Blot Test
  • Rapid Antigen Tests: Rapid Strep, Flu tests, Rapid Covid-19
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7
Q

How does latex agglutination testing work?

A

the sample (saliva, urine, serum, CSF) is mixed with a prepared solution that contains latex beads that are coated with antibodies specific to the target antigen.
If the antigen is present in the sample, clumping (AKA agglutination) will be visible to the eye (a positive test)

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8
Q

Limitations of latex agglutination

A

This test is only semi quantifiable (serial dilutions possible)
If there is a low quantity of the antigen, then little if any lattice formation occurs and no clumping is seen

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9
Q

_____ uses an antibody specific to the target protein that is tagged with an enzyme marker that facilitates easy detection

A

Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA or EIA)

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10
Q

Which serologic test produces a color change, fluoresce under light, or simply emit light when antigen is present?

A

ELISA

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11
Q

Because of high ____, ELISA is a great screening tool for some conditions.

A

sensitivity

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12
Q

Commonly used for many conditions, the ELISA may be most well known for being a screening tests for ___ and ____

A

HIV and Lyme

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13
Q

_____ is a laboratory method that uses electrophoresis with gel and a membrane in order to detect specific protein antigens.

A

Western Blot Testing

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14
Q

Which tests are highly specific, making good confirmatory tests?

A

Western blot

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15
Q

IgM and IgG antibodies

A

IgM - Generally the first or early antibody made in the fight against the infection (appears early, fades)
IgG - The type that appears later, but generally persists

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16
Q

Rapid antigen tests are considered _____, producing visual results that are qualitative (pos vs neg).

A

immunochromatographic assays

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17
Q

Common examples of rapid antigen tests

A

Rapid strep
Rapid influenza
Rapid malaria
Rapid Covid-19

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18
Q

Benefits of Rapid Antigen testing

A

ability to perform the test in clinic and getting results very quickly

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19
Q

Limitations of rapid antigen testing

A

Less sensitive early on
Lots of opportunity for user error
Sample problems

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20
Q

How do NAAT tests work?

A
  • This type of testing specifically detects pieces of the microorganism’s genetic material (DNA or RNA), establishing its presence.
  • Genetic material testing in ID attempts to shorten the time of detection, detecting organisms before the antibodies can form.
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21
Q

Because genetic material of microbes is not present in large amounts, one of the first steps of NAAT is to______

A

amplify the DNA or RNA, replicating them many times in order to make the chance of detection higher.

22
Q

Limitations of NAAT testing

A
  • Considered quite expensive
  • Does not replace culture for susceptibility/sensitivity
23
Q

In some situations, we test for skin-level sensitivity to certain pathogens, such as Purified Protein Derivative (PPD) through _____

A

Skin testing for sensitivity

24
Q

Whether the bacteria is gram positive or gram negative can direct your choice of ____

A

antibiotic

25
Q

Gram staining is a type of ____ stain

A

differential

26
Q

AFB staining is another very important ____ Stain

A

Differential

27
Q

In AFB, The red dye ____ is applied to a fixed smear.

A

Carbolfuchsin

28
Q

Non-AFB cells are then colored ____

A

blue

29
Q

AFB staining is used primarily when a patient is suspected of having active ___ infection

A

TB

30
Q

“most important parasitic disease of humans.”

A

Malaria

31
Q

Multiple species of Plasmodium cause malaria including

A

Plasmodium falciparum - most severe disease
Plasmodium vivax - most common

32
Q

___ Stain is mainstay of diagnosis for malaria

A

Giemsa

33
Q

Process for Giemsa stain

A

Specimen: Fresh whole blood
Examined as thick and thin smears.
Blood is smeared, allowed to dry, and is then fixed with methanol.
Stained with diluted Giemsa stain.
Red blood cells appear red.
Plasmodium organisms stain blue

34
Q

What is a KOH preparation?

A

Helps to diagnose fungal infections

35
Q

If a patient has prolonged diarrhea or has other risk factors (such as traveling to an endemic area), order _____

A

O&P (Ova and Parasite)

36
Q

What is O&P?

A

Ova and parasite
Comprehensive exam of fecal specimen using direct wet mount and various special stains in the lab

37
Q

What is the scotch tape test a gold standard for?

A

Enterobius vermicularis: AKA Pinworm
Diagnosis is made by finding worms or eggs on the perianal skin.

38
Q

You suspect a fungal infection, what diagnostic test are you ordering?

A

KOH preparation

39
Q

Pt presents with active TB infection, what diagnostic test are you ordering?

A

AFB Stain

40
Q

Name the steps to complete a gram stain

A
  1. Crystal violet dye
  2. Iodine (mordant)
  3. Alcohol wash (decolor)
  4. Safranin (counterstain
41
Q

Diagnostic test that is highly specific AND sensitive

A

NAAT

42
Q

Gold standard test for chlamydia infections

A

NAAT

43
Q

Test with HIGH sensitivity for HIV/Lyme

A

ELISA

44
Q

Test with generally high specificity (good confirmatory test)

A

Western blot test

45
Q

These tests produce results that are Qualitative

A

Rapid antigen testing

46
Q

You suspect candidiasis in your patient, what test should you order to confirm?

A

KOH preparation

47
Q

Which test uses skin scrapings?

A

KOH preparation

48
Q

Which test uses a specimen that is fresh/whole blood?

A

Giemsa stain

49
Q

You would see cryptosporidium best with which test?

A

O&P

50
Q

Which test relies on experienced lab technicians?

A

Western blot test

ID Exam 1 (4 decks)

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