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Biology CLEP > Diagnostic Terms > Flashcards

Diagnostic Terms Flashcards

Vocabulary pulled from Diagnostic Biology CLEP test

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1
Q

genotype

A

The part of a DNA sequence that determines a certain trait (phenotype) of that organism.

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2
Q

incomplete dominance

A

When the dominant gene is not expressed completely over the recessive. Example would be a red flower ( R ) and white flower ( r ) producing a pink flower (Rr)

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3
Q

Eubacteria

A

The domain that contains bacteria and other prokaryotic cells (no nucleus, less complex overall)

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4
Q

enzymatic

A

relating to an enzyme

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5
Q

exothermic

A

Heat released after some process

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6
Q

Bronchus

A

The airway that passes conducts air into the lungs. It breaks into the left and right bronchi, and then furhter branches out into other, smaller types of bronchi.

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7
Q

nonpolarity

A

an inequal polarity

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8
Q

genome

A

An organisms complete DNA. In humans, the complete genome is held in each cell with a nucleus.

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9
Q

chorion

A

The outermost membrane of an embroytic sac in mammals.

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10
Q

Chordata

A

The phylum that contains humans. This phylum all has a “dorsal nerve chord” (spinal chord in humans) and an extension of the body past the anus. Includes most animals from bears to fish. Also some weird ones. Not all are vertebrates but most are.

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11
Q

k-selection

A

Same as equilibrium, k-selection are organisms that invest in few offspring that will have long lives.

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12
Q

chemical inhibitor

A

Opposite of a catalyst; it’s a chemical that SLOWS a chemical reaction.

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13
Q

enzyme

A

Enzymes are proteins unique for their 3D structure. They are catalysts for biochemical processes.

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14
Q

gene frequency

A

Also called allele frequency, it’s the frequency in which a certain trait appears in a population.

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15
Q

catalysts

A

A chemical that speeds up a reaction but isn’t changed by that reaction. Enzymes are examples of a catalyst.

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16
Q

The Krebs cycle

A

The cycle that creates chemical energy (ATP, NADH, etc) from the oxidation of pyruvate (form glucose)

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17
Q

Blood tissue

A

Basically the part of blood that contains the red and white blood cells. The “matrix” (the part that makes it liquid) is called plasma.

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18
Q

sympathetic nerves

A

part of the autonomic nervous system–conrols unconcious activities

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19
Q

Animalia

A

the Kingdom consisting of Animals

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20
Q

Connective tissue

A

The tissue throughout the body that keeps it connected. Can include adpiose (fat) tissue, bone tissue, blood tissue, etc.

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21
Q

chordates

A

Same has chordata–include anything with a spinal chord

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22
Q

Leidig cells

A

Located next to the testicles, these produce testosterone.

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23
Q

Amino acids

A

Important compounds to biological function–in proteins they comprise a major component of cells, muscles and tissues, and outside of of proteins they play critical rols in things like neurotransmitter transport and biosynthesis. Amino acids are mainly made up of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen.

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24
Q

Epithelial

A

The tissue that lines the outside (skin) and inside cavitaties of bodies. One of four tissues in addition to connective tissue, muscle tissue and nervous tissue.

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25
Q

anabolism

A

Part of the metabolic (building) process, opposite of catabolism. Anabolism is when the energy released by catabolism (disintegration) is used to build up cells/tissue. Anabolism involves reorganization of cells/energy.

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26
Q

Guanine

A

It is one of the four chemicals in the nucleic acids DNA and RNA.

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27
Q

Imprinting

A

The gene from either the mother or father is silenced on a chomosome

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28
Q

ruminants

A

Animals like goats, cows, antelope that ferment their plant based food in their stomachs

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29
Q

meristematic region

A

the regions on a plant where meristematic cells have room to grow (into leaves, flowers, etc.)

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30
Q

inhibition

A

When a chemical reaction is inhibited by a chemical

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31
Q

cytoplasm

A

Basically the gel-like stuff that fills and cushions cells around the organelles. The nucleus of eukrotatic cells are usually separated and contained in nucleoplasm… similar but different,.

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32
Q

chromatin

A

The complex of molecules RNA, DNA, protein that control everything about DNA and it’s purposes (prevents damage, allows mitosis, controlsl genes, etc.

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33
Q

chloroplasts

A

They are organelles (an “organ” in a cell) that facilitates photosynthesis in plants using chlorphil to create ATP from light.

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34
Q

polymers

A

a large molecule created by binding many repeated subunits

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35
Q

vascular tissue

A

The tissue that forms the vascular system in plants. Consists of ducts/vessels

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36
Q

Mitosis

A

Cell division for growth, not sex cells

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37
Q

Abiotic

A

Exists indepently from life–does not really on living thing

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38
Q

respiration

A

Cellular respiration is the set of metabolic reactions and processes that take place in the cells of organisms to convert biochemical energy from nutrients into (ATP), and then release waste products.

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39
Q

Cyclooxygenase-2

A

Its an enzyme. Some pain killers inhibit it. Abbrevated as COX

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40
Q

stomata

A

Little “mouths” or pores found on leaves/stems of plants to control gas exchange.

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41
Q

the dark reaction

A

the part of photosynthesis that doesn’t directly require light

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42
Q

cofactor

A

Can sometimes be defined as enzymes–these are protieins or “helper molecues” that help biochemical transformations.

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43
Q

nucleosome

A

The basic DNA packaging in the nucleus of eukaryote cells

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44
Q

equilibreal

A

A type of life strategy (as opposed to oppurtunistic) for species that rely on defined ecological systems rather than pioneering new ones. An oak tree is an example.

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45
Q

phagocytes

A

cellls that ingest harmful particles, bacteries, or dead cells. White blood cells are an example

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46
Q

primary consumers

A

Level on the food chain for organisms that consume producers. Can be herbivores or omnivores.

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47
Q

Dominance

A

A gene that has alleles that hides the recessive version of that trait.

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48
Q

Ammonification

A

Part of the process of turning waste/biodegradable material back into food for plants (nitrate). The process turns animal waste and bio materials back into ammonia, which then goes through nitrification and turns into nitrate.

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49
Q

cuticles

A

The protective film on some plants that protects the epidermal (skin) cells. It’s what makes leaves waxy.

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50
Q

overlapping niches

A

A “niche” is an organisms role in the community, so an overlapping niche would create more competitino between organisms for those resources

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51
Q

Denitrification

A

The process that pulls nitrogen from materials back into the air. Biodegradradation is an example.

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52
Q

nondisjunction

A

when cells fail to split correctly resulting in an incorrect number of chromosomes. A number of syndromes can result in the offspring.

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53
Q

glycolysis

A

This is the process in which glucose is turned into pyruvate–the energy release is used to make ATP.

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54
Q

bulbs

A

A type of root or stem for some types of plants.

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55
Q

viscosity

A

Thickness of liquid

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56
Q

visceral sensory nerves

A

The nerves that respond to impulses like pain/reflex

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57
Q

heterozygous

A

Refers to a specic genotype when it contains two different alleles for the same trait (i.e. a dominant and recessive)

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58
Q

polymerase

A

An enzyme that synthesizes nucleic acids (thus is important for DNA/RNA)

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59
Q

Altruism

A

When an organism acts in a way that will benefit another organism despite potential negative consequences to itself.i.e. Vervet monkeys give alarm calls to warn fellow monkeys of the presence of predators, even though in doing so they attract attention to themselves, increasing their personal chance of being attacked.[

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60
Q

Plantae

A

The Kingdom that consists of plants

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61
Q

histones

A

A protein found in the nuclei of eukrayatic cells that package and order the DNA. Main ingredient in chromatin

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62
Q

interphase

A

The phase between cell divisions. Think of it like the life of a cell

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63
Q

phylum

A

the ranke below Kingdum and above Class. Kingdom Animalia has 35 phylums

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64
Q

Mitochondria

A

An important organelle (“organ”) in a eukaryotic cell where energy production and resperation can occure.

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65
Q

myelin sheath

A

The insulating envelope of myelin that surrounds the core of a nerve fiber or axon and that facilitates the transmission of nerve impulses, formed from the cell membrane of the Schwann cell in the peripheral nervous system and from oligodendroglia cells. Also called medullary sheath

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66
Q

adipocytes

A

These are the cells that compase adipose tissue (fat.) The main role of these cells is to store energy

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67
Q

chromosome

A

The packaged structure containing DNA of living organisims.

68
Q

palisade layer

A

Beneath the epidermal layer and cuticle of a plant, palisade layer is where photosynthesis takes place

69
Q

mesophyll tissue

A

The tissue in a plant where the cells that charry out photosynthesis is located

70
Q

somatic sensory nerves

A

The part of the nervous system that controls VOLUNTARY movement

71
Q

Habituation

A

A reduction in innate behaviors of organisms to stimuli after learning that they have no biological impact

72
Q

G1 phase

A

Also known as Gap 1 phase. It is the first part of a cells life before it finally divides. mRNA and proteins are synthesized.

73
Q

NADH

A

Important coenzyme that has extra electrons to give for processes

74
Q

Fungi

A

More closely related to animals than plants, so they form a separate kinddom than plants and animals.

75
Q

photolysis

A

A chemical proces by which molecules are broken down by light

76
Q

Protista

A

Eukaryotic organisms that don’t fit with prokaryotic organisms, but are not plants, animals or fungi. Algae is an example

77
Q

parenchyma

A

Basically the functional parts of an organism–like the organs in a human. Different than the connective tissue

78
Q

arthropods

A

The phylum of invetrabate animal that have exoskeltons, segmented bodies, and jointed appendages.

79
Q

Phosphoric acid

A

a corosive acid and sometimes-inhibitor

80
Q

FAP

A

Fixed Action Pattern. Also known as instincts.

81
Q

Abiotic limiting factors

A

Factors (independent of life (biotic)) that limit a populations ability to grow that include light, water, nutrients, minerals, oxygen, tempurature, space, etc.

82
Q

pyruvic acid

A

Supplies energy to cells. It can be made from glucose and converted back to glucose.

83
Q

The electron transfer cycle

A

The transfer of electrons from electron donors to electron receptors (like hydrogen) that facilitates the creation of ATP

84
Q

catabolism

A

Catabolism is the state in which cells break down large molecules like fats (lipids), protiens and complex carbs to be used as energy. It leads to the creation of ATP (which facilitates anabolism). Lactic acid is a byproduct of catabolism.

85
Q

Thymine

A

It is one of the four chemicals in the nucleic acids DNA and RNA.

86
Q

synthesize

A

combination of two things to create something new

87
Q

diploid

A

Cell or organism that has two matching chromosomes. Sex cells in humans DO NOT, since they come together to form diploids that populate the rest of the body.

88
Q

embryonic membranes

A

All the membranes that protect an embryo. Amnion, yolk sac, allantiois, etc.

89
Q

modern synthesis

A

The most modern defiintion of evolution–combinging all previous research

90
Q

centromere

A

The physical part at which two chromosomes are connected to make a dyad (that “X” shaped structure). It lets the cell machinaery know when thte chromosomes are ready to split

91
Q

prostaglandins

A

A hormone that aids in muscle relaxation contraction, blood vessel constriction/dialation, etc.

92
Q

Photosynthesis

A

The processs by which plants turn light into energy (carbon dioxide+water–light–>sugar+oxygen)

93
Q

propagation

A

Reproduction in plants

94
Q

prokaryotic

A

A single-celled organism lacking a membrane bound nucleus, miocohndria or organelles. Basically the entire cell is a nucleus

95
Q

Chlorophyll

A

It’s the molecule that allows plants to get energy from light… important for photosynthesis

96
Q

substrate

A

the surface on which an organism lives

97
Q

Cartilage tissue

A

Not quite as rigid as bone but not as flexible as muscle, cartilage is a connective tissue that can offer support, frictional support (it can be very smooth), and compressive functions (on muscules).

98
Q

protein synthesis

A

The cellular process that results in new proteins

99
Q

rhizomes

A

The underground par tof a plant–like a bulb–that sends out roots

100
Q

carbohydrate molecule

A

one of the three most important types of molecues for cells to function (in addition to proteins and lipids.) Made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Examples of carbs are monosaccharides like glucose and disaccharieds like sucrose.

101
Q

amnion

A

The “shell” around the amniotic sac that allows the fluid to be contained. It protects the embyro

102
Q

H+

A

Hydrogen

103
Q

Artery

A

Blood vesssels that carry blood AWAY from the heart

104
Q

cristae

A

The folded area in the mitochondria. The folds allow a greater surface area within the mitochondria (an organlle in a cell) so that different chemical reactions can occure. Cristae are studded with proteins like ATP.

105
Q

alimentary canal

A

The digestive tract. Starts at the mouth and ends with the anus

106
Q

axon

A

Axons are protrusions of nerve cells (neurons) that transmit signals to muscles and tissue. Similar to dendrites, but they transmit signals while dendrites usually receive them.

107
Q

cones

A

A type of seed. Think of pinetree cones

108
Q

nucleotides

A

The subunits of nucleic acids like DNA and RNA–ATP is a nucleotide.

109
Q

plasmodesmata

A

tubular structures that connect cells in plants

110
Q

ATP

A

One of–if not the–most important form engergy takes for cells. “Think of it as an American dollar–it’s what you need to do business in the U.S.” ATP is made through cellular respiration.

111
Q

transcription step

A

When a section of DNA is copied into RNA and sent to rhibsomes

112
Q

Nitrogen fixing

A

Again part of the nitrifcatino process (turning ammonia into nitrogen cycle)

113
Q

inorganic

A

Any non-living substance – may not contain carbon. Of mineral, not biological, origin,

114
Q

goblet cells

A

Goblet cells secret mucins which become mucus.

115
Q

dipeptides

A

Could mean two things–two amino acids with one peptide bond OR one aminio acid with two peptide bonds

116
Q

coding

A

Basically cell coding is like computer coding–it’s the map that cells have to function

117
Q

yolk sac

A

The sac of yolk that provides nourishment to reptile/bird/fish embyros

118
Q

stolens

A

in plants and fungus, these are slend branches that assist in propagation

119
Q

pigment

A

Any colored material of plan or animal cells (en masse, creates eye/sking/hair color)

120
Q

phosphorylated

A

By adding phosphoryl to a molecule, many protein enzymes are turned “on” or “off”

121
Q

gametes

A

It is a sex cell. In male humans its sperm and in female humans its an egg

122
Q

peritoneum

A

The membrane that lines/encloses the cavity of an organism (like a human) that supports their organs. Made partly of connective tissue

123
Q

Cytosine

A

It is one of the four chemicals in the nucleic acids DNA and RNA.

124
Q

glucose

A

Created during photosynthesis, this is a carbohydrate and is very important for celluar respiration.

125
Q

Oparin Hypothesis

A

That solar energy powered protein synthesis at the beginning of life on earth that led to basic carbon based life forms being created

126
Q

dihybrid cross

A

The cross of traits (recessive and dominant) that results in an observed trait. Visualized on a Punnett Square

127
Q

prosthetic group

A

Tightly bound, specific non-polypeptide unit required for the biological function of some proteins. The prosthetic group may be organic (such as a vitamin, sugar, or lipid) or inorganic (such as a metal ion)

128
Q

S phase

A

stage of interphase where DNA copies itself

129
Q

allantois

A

A structure that helps pass gases and handle liquid waste for an embryo in a sac. It’s like a stalk.

130
Q

nematodes

A

A parasitic species (phylum: nematoda) of worm-like creatures

131
Q

Ribosome

A

hen a cell needs to make proteins, it looks for ribosomes. Ribosomes are the protein builders or the protein synthesizers of the cell.

132
Q

secondary consumers

A

After primary consumers, secondary consumers are usually carnivores or omnivores.

133
Q

RNA

A

The nucleic acid that transfers information from the DNA to the ribosome to form the appropriate protein

134
Q

Prophase

A

The first phase of mitosis. In this phase, chromatin (DNA+proteins) condenses.

135
Q

Archaea

A

This is a separate domain from the one that contains Animalia (animals). They consist of single celled microogranisms. These “microbes” are prokaryotes (as opposed to eukaryota–mult-cells), meaning that they have no cell nuclus or membrane-bound organelles.

136
Q

Nitrification

A

The cycle of ammonia oxidation into nitrate performed by bacteria in the soil. Nitrate is important for plants

137
Q

ion

A

an atom or group of atoms or molecule that has a charge

138
Q

Cytochromes

A

A protein that contains iron and is primarily responsible for generating ATP. They are a metal which is importatn to oxidation and reduction.

139
Q

homozygous

A

Refers to a genotype when it contains two of the same allele for the same trait

140
Q

enzyme-substrate complex

A

The resulting complex from an enzyme catalyzing (not a word) a process

141
Q

protozoa

A

Protozoa are a diverse group of unicellular eukaryotic organisms. Protista

142
Q

cilia

A

An ogranelle (“organ”) found in eukaryotic (has a nucleus) cells. They look like eyelashes. It is speculated they serve a sesnory function for cell growth and chemical sensation.

143
Q

anaerobic

A

When something can occur without oxygen

144
Q

mRNA

A

Messenger RNA–it is the RNA that pulls data from DNA to protein

145
Q

centrioles

A

Found near the nucleus of eurokratic (has a defined nucleus) cells, these are tubular structures made of protein that add in mitosis and meiosis (cell division).

146
Q

Vagus nerve

A

The nerve that controls the heart and digestive tract…. Like the front-spinal chord?

147
Q

alleles

A

The part of a chromosome that carries genes for specific traits. One allele might be dominanat/recessive to another

148
Q

neural development

A

the development of the nervous system

149
Q

tubers

A

Structures serving as storage organs for plants. Potatoes are a tuber.

150
Q

annelids

A

Basically worms. They are a phylum in the Anamalia kingdom–they are invertebrates with segmented bodies. Earthworm is the classic example.

151
Q

Cardiac tissue

A

The type of muscle tissue found only in the heart, making up most of its mass, that pumps blood through the body.

152
Q

inorganic cofactor

A

inorganic substances essential for biological function

153
Q

Adipose tissue

A

Another word for fat. Stores energy but also insulates for heat and provides cushioning for internal organs

154
Q

autonomic nerves

A

The nerves that control involuntary actions like brething, heartbeat, etc. and also other bodily functions like urination and sexual arousal.

155
Q

phenotype

A

The physical traits of an organism. Eye color, hair color, etc.

156
Q

epidermis

A

Puter layer of cells (i.e. skin)

157
Q

Fermentation

A

A metabolic process that converts sugars to acids, gases or alcohol. Occurs when a recepter like oxygen is absent and renders a transport chain unsable for ATP prodcution

158
Q

myelin

A

a fatty white substance that surrounds the axon of some nerve cells, forming an electrically insulating layer

159
Q

polymerization

A

when smaller molecures bind to create a larger molecule

160
Q

Adenine

A

It is one of the four chemicals in the nucleic acids DNA and RNA.

161
Q

Punnett square

A

I diagram used to predict the likelihood of a certain phentic trait

162
Q

villi

A

The little hair like things that are found in intestines lining the walls. They increase surface area for maximim nutrient absorbtion.

163
Q

lysis

A

The breaking down of a cell by things like virus

164
Q

photon

A

the basical particle that makes up light

165
Q

G2 phase

A

Also known as Gap 2 phase. It comes after the S phase and is the final part of a cells life before mitosis (cell division). DNA is replicated.

166
Q

meiosis

A

The division of cells TWICE to create cells with only half the number of chomosomes. These are the sex cells–they meet up with the other sex cells to create whole diploid cell

Biology CLEP (2 decks)

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