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diagnostic techniques Flashcards

1
Q

causes of intraurethral obstruction

A
  • calculi
  • tumours
  • inflammatory disease
  • foreign bodies
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2
Q

extraurethral causes of obstruction cause

A

urethral compression

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3
Q

neurogenic causes of urinary obstruction can be (2)

A
  • lover motor neurone (after L5)

- upper motor neurone

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4
Q

lower motor neurone cause of urinary abstruction cause bladder to be (3)

A
  • flaccid
  • overdistended
  • easy to express
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5
Q

upper motor neurone disease cause bladder to be (3)

A
  • firm
  • tense
  • difficult to express
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6
Q

functional urethral obstruction also known as

A

reflex dysynergia

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7
Q

define reflex dysynergia

A
  • rare condition seen mainly in dogs

- dysfunction with urethral relaxation not occurring as not receiving sense to urinate

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8
Q

3 clinical signs reflex dysynergia

A
  • dysuria
  • pass small spurts urine
  • large residual volume
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9
Q

managment reflex dysynergia

A

medical

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10
Q

how obstructive uropathy causes azotemia (4)

A
  • increase pressure in bowman’s space
  • GFR falls
  • decreased renal blood flow
  • protein enters filtrate
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11
Q

bladder enlargment due to overdistension can cause (4)

A
  • ischaemia
  • oedema
  • haemorrhage
  • mucosal sloughing
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12
Q

obstruction and progression times

A
  • 48 hours - CNS depression, vomiting and decreased food and water intake
  • 72 hours - death
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13
Q

treatment obstruction (3)

A
  • IV fluids to dilute potassium
  • calcium gluconate
  • relieve obstruction
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14
Q

cystocentesis dog with obstruction urinary

A
  • avoid as can cause septic peritonitis

- if have to do then empty bladder completly

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15
Q

post unblocking urinary obstruction care

A
  • keep up with ins and outs using IV fluids

- may get hypokalaemia so supplement

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16
Q

define retrograde hydropulsion

A

pushing calculi from urethra back into bladder

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17
Q

how to retrograde hydropulsion (3)

A
  • get a person to block urethra with a finger through the anus
  • fill urethra with saline while blocking distal urethra
  • get person to let go and pressure of fluid should push stones into bladder
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18
Q

define cystotomy tube

A

tube placed across the body wall and into bladder to drain into a bag

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19
Q

define urethrostomy

A

permanent surgical opening into the urethra to divert urine flow

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20
Q

urinary incontinence can be (2)

A
  • neurogenic

- non-neurogenic

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21
Q

common cause of incontinence dogs

A

urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence

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22
Q

urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence can be

A
  • acquired

- congenital

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23
Q

urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence clinical signs

A

usually urinary leaking when recumbent

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24
Q

ureteral ectopica can be (cause)

A
  • congenital

- aquired

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25
ureteral ectopica appearance (3)
- unilateral or bilateral - single, double or elongated opening - intramural or extramural
26
define intramural ectopic ureters
ureter attaches in normal place then runs through the bladder wall to open elsewhere
27
define extramural ectopic ureter
ureter attaches and opens in same funny place
28
extramural ectopic ureter seen more in
cats
29
intramural ectopic ureter seen more in
dogs
30
ureteral ectopica 4 clinical signs
- continuous dribbling of urine - severe scalding - associated with urinary tract infections - may have concomitant sphincter mechanism incompetence
31
genitourinary dysplasia is
congenital abnormality affecting vaguba abd urethra
32
bladder atony is usually secondary to
bladder distansion
33
L1-4 nerves supply
sympathetic stimulation along hypogastric nerve to beat and alpha receptors
34
where beta receptors in bladder
in bladder main body cause relaxation
35
where alpha receptors in bladder
in bladder neck cause constriction
36
S1-3 nerves supply
- somatic stimulation via the pudendal nerve | - parasympathetic stimulation via pelvic nerve
37
action phenoxylenzamine and diazepam
reduce urethral tone
38
bethanecol actions
improves bladder tone and contractility
39
main clinical signs hypersomatotrophism
acromegaly
40
steps of hypersomatotrophism
uncontrolled production of growth hormone results in increased IGF1
41
IGF1 causes
tissue proliferation and hyperplasia
42
cat main cause hypersomatotrophism
pituitary tumour
43
dogs cause of hypersomatotrophism
increased GH secretion from mammary tissue
44
juvenile hypersomatotrophism clinical signs
- increased length of long bones untill growth plate fuse | - once growth plates have fused changes are restricted to soft tissues and flat bones
45
hypersomatotrophism and diabetes
growth hormone is an insulin antagonist so you can get insulin intolerance and diabetes mellitus
46
5 clinical signs hypersomatotrophism
- PU/PD - weight gain - thick set facial features - increased intradermal spaces - hepatomegaly and cataracts due to poorly controlled diabetes mellitus
47
4 diagnosis hypersomatotrophism
- serum GH estimation - but not widely available - serum IGF1 estimation - more useful in dogs - serum progesterone levels and abdominal ultrasound in dogs - CAT or MRI scan for cats
48
tx hypersomatotrophism dogs
remove progesterone influence
49
4 tx hypersomatotrophism cats
- dopamine agonists - local irradiation - somatostatin analogues - hypophysectomy and replacement hormones
50
hyposomatotorophism main signs
dwarfism
51
hyposomatotrophism pathogenesis
decreased GH secretion anlso possibly decreased TSH and gonadotrophin secretion
52
4 clinical signs hyposomatotrophism
- small stature - immature hair coat - non chondrodystrophic dwarfism - persistent oestrus or infertile males
53
3 diagnosis hyposomatotrophism
- serum GH estimation - relatively unavailable - serum IGF1 estimation in dogs - delayed growth plate closure
54
3 things that cause primary PD
- hyperadrenocorticism - hyperthyroidism - hepatic encephalopathy
55
diabetes insipidus can be (2)
- central | - nephrogenic
56
central diabetes insipidus due to
decreased ADH secretion
57
3 causes of decreased ADH secretion
- idiopathic (common) - secondary to expanding mass lesion in brain - secondary to congenital abnormality
58
urine in central diabetes insipidus
persistently and unremittingly hyposthenuric
59
define nephrogenic diabetes insipidus
nephrons are ADH resistant
60
clinical signs diabetes insipidus
- PD - usually over 200ml/kg/24hrs | - PU
61
6 diagnosis procedures diabetes insipidus
- specific gravity lower than 1.008 - routine biochemical screen to rule out any other cause - hospitalise and observe water intake, if it decreases then it is primary PD - water deprivation test shows inability to concentrate urine when dehydrated - increase of specific gravity after desmopressin administration - low dose dexamethasone suppression test to rule out hyperadrenocorticism
62
tx diabetes insipidus
desmopressin
63
parathyroid hormone secreted by
chief cells of parathyroid gland
64
why PTH releasd
low serum ionised calcium
65
5 PTH actions
increases calcium by - decreaseing excretion - ionising calcitriol production - increasing calcium bone reabsorption - increaseing calcium absorption in GIT - increase phosphate excretion in urine
66
define PTHrP
- parathyroid hormone related peptide | - secreted by some neoplastic cells
67
calcitriol also known as (2)
- vit D | - 1,25 dihydroxychole calciferol
68
3 actions of calcitriol
- increase calcium absorption in GIT - renal reabsorption of calcium - mobilising calcium and phosphorus from bone
69
calcitonin when secreted
response to hypercalcaemia
70
where calcitonin from
C cells in thyroid gland
71
significant increases in ionised calcium can cause
small changes in total calcium
72
12 clinical signs hypercalcaemia
- PU/PD - anorexia - dehydration - weakness/lethargy - vomiting - facial pruritis - oral discomfort - cardiac arrhythmias - seizures - twitching - acute renal failure - death
73
what is biologically active form of calcium
ionised calcium
74
high calcium and GFR
causes vasoconstriction of afferent arterioles so decreasing GFR and predisposing it to azotemia
75
dogs most common cause of hypocalcaemia
neoplasia
76
hypocalcaemia commonly associated with
low serum albumin
77
9 clinical signs hypocalcaemia
- tremors - cramps - stiff gait - behavioural change - panting - hyperthermia - tachycardia - hypotension - death
78
who most likely to develop urolith obstruction LA
early castrated males
79
what diet predisposes to urolith formation LA (4)
- high concentrate low rouphage as increases phosphate in blodd (by not recycling through git slaiva) - high phosphate low calcium diest - high Mg diest - alkaline urine
80
most common urolith LA
struvite
81
where urolith obstruction occur in ruminants (2)
- urethral process small ruminents | - distal to sigmoid flexure of cattle
82
6 early clinical signs obstruction LA
- haematuria - dysuria - crystals on prepuce - urine dribbling - tail flagging - colic signs
83
7 later clinical signs LA obstruction
- annorexia - depresion - preputial swelling - abdominal distension - recumbent - seizures - death
84
6 diagnosis urolith obsruction
- history - azotemia - hyperkalaemia - hyponatraemia - acidosis - imaging
85
3 complications obstruction
- bladder rupture - urethral rupture - hydronephrosis
86
amyloidosis cattle accosiated with
- metritis - mastitis - pneumonia
87
enzootic haematuria define
chronic toxicity with ptaquiloside carcinogens found in bracken
88
3 clinical signs enzootic haematuria
- haematuria - haemorrhagic cystitis - anaemia
89
7 clinical signs umbilical infection
- fever - malaise - lethargy - heat - pain - swelling - discharge from umbilicus
90
umbilical arteries should be (size)
less than 1cm diameter
91
tx small (under 2cm) umbilical hernia
usually resolve around 2 months
92
difference bewteen umbilical infection and hernia
hernias arent painful
93
tx large umbilical hernias (over 2cm)
surgery
94
umbilical hernia bad if
strangulating
95
define patent urachus
where its been closed and then opened again
96
define persistne urachs
open from birth
97
LA specifica gravity in renal failure
1.008-1.014 as cant concentrate urine
98
8 clinical signs of bladder rupture
- azotemia - hyperkalaemia - hyponatraemia - metabolic acidosis - respiratory acidosis due to pressure on diaphragm - straining to urinate - abdominal distension - ventral and preputial oedema
99
proteinuria is considered a
hallmark of glomerular disease
100
how much protein in urine is considered normal
trace or 1+
101
4 causes of proteinuria
- infection - inflammation - neoplasia - haemorrhage
102
common quantification of proteinuria
- protein:creatinine ratio | - protein measurement divided by creatinine in urine
103
how detect bence jones proteins in urine
electrophoresis
104
what are bence-jones proteins
immunoglobulin light chains
105
4 categories of proteinuria
- pre-glomerular - glomerular - tubular - post-glomerular
106
how pre-glomerular proteinuria
excess proteins getting through glomerulus so cant reabsorb
107
how glomerular proteinuria
increased glomerular capillary pressure causes more proteins shoved through - relatively mild proteinuria
108
how tubular proteinuria
- mild proteinuria | - tubules do not reabsorb protein filtered by glomeruli
109
how post-glomerular proteinuria
- caused by inflammatory conditions of lower urinary tract or repro system - most common cause is infection and urolithiasis
110
nephrotic syndrome presents with (4)
- significant proteinuria - hypoalbuminaemia - hypercholesterolemia - oedema, ascites or pleural effusion
111
6 tx protein losing nephropathy
- identify and treat underlying disease process - diet modification - immunosuppressive drug therapy - tx amyloidosis - ACE inhibitors - antithrombotic drugs - antihypertensive drugs to decrease blood pressure
112
dietary modifications tx protein losing nephropathy (3)
- high quality but low quantity protein - low sodium - omega 3 fatty acid supplements

Renal (3 decks)

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