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Clinical Med (Year 2) > Diagnostic Imaging (Exam 1) > Flashcards

Diagnostic Imaging (Exam 1) Flashcards

1
Q

What is an X-Ray?

A

Plain film or conventional radiograph, it is a negative

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2
Q

What are the positions for radiographs?

A

AP
PA
Lateral
Oblique
Sunrise
Open Mouth

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3
Q

More dense objects the (BLANK) absorption of x-ray and (BLANK) exposure of film

A

greater, less

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4
Q

More dense of a tissue the (BLANK) x-rays penetrate the tissue to expose the film

A

Less

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5
Q

Radiolucent:
(BLANK) Density
(BLANK) Exposure of film
Bright or Dark?

A

Low Density
High Exposure
Dark

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6
Q

Radiopague
(BLANK) Density
(BLANK) Exposure of film
Bright or Dark?

A

High Density
Low Exposure
Bright

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7
Q

What are the ABC’s of X-ray interpretation?

A

Alignment & Adequacy
Bone
Cartilage, Joints, Soft Tissues

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8
Q

When and why are X-rays ordered for a patient with suspected NM injury?

A
  • Depends on severity of injury
  • Rule out/establish bony integrity
  • Check for other systems
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9
Q

What are some ways of early examination of the human brain?

A

Animal Studies
Post-mortem
X-rays
Electrocephalography

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10
Q

What is a pneumoencephalography?

A

X- Ray imaging following an injection of air into subarachnoid space to displace CSF & improve signal contrast

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11
Q

What is a pneumoencephalography used for?

A

Visualize ventricular anomalies

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12
Q

What is a cerebral angiography?

A

X-ray imaging of the blood vessels of the brain following injection of a contrast agent

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13
Q

What is a cerebral angiography used for?

A

Visualize anomalies and occlusions

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14
Q

What is a myelography?

A

X-ray imaging following injection of contrast into CSF to improve contrast/imaging in vertebral column/spinal cord, subarachnoid space, nerve roots

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15
Q

What are some modern techniques for neuroimaging?

A

CT
MRI
Neuroangiograohy

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16
Q

How does a CT work?

A
  1. Uses X-ray beam and a row of detectors on opposite sides of the head.
  2. The X-ray source and detector rotate around the head
  3. Pt is moved through scanner and process is repeated
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17
Q

How can you determine the density of tissue through a CT?

A

X-ray are partially absorbed by tissue encounters and the amount of absorption depends on the density of the tissue it passed through

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18
Q

What is the benefit of the CT rotating the x-ray source?

A

X-ray is passed through same structures at many different angles

19
Q

Describe the typical CT imaging planes?

A

Not in true horizontal plane but angles upward anteriorly

20
Q

(BLANK) structures are hyper dense and appear (BLANK)

A
  • Dense (bone, calcification)
  • White
21
Q

(BLANK) structures are hypodense and appear (BLANK)

A
  • Less dense structures (air)
  • Black
22
Q

(BLANK) structures are Isodense and appear (BLANK)

A
  • Intermediate density structures
  • Gray
23
Q

Is a CT with intravenous contrast appropriate if an intracranial hemorrhage is suspected? And why?

A

No, b/c this adds more fluid which increases pressure which could increase bleeding

24
Q

What is injected during a CT with intravenous contrast?

A

Iodine

25
Q

What becomes hyper dense during CT with intravenous contrast?

A

Areas of increased vascularity or breakdown of blood-barrier

26
Q

What is window width?

A

Range of radio densities displayed on an image

27
Q

What is window level?

A

Central density displayed on an image

28
Q

General: What is an MRI?

A

Noninvasive technique that uses magnetic energy & radio frequency pulses to generate images

29
Q

General: How does an MRI generate an image?

A
  1. Pt placed in static magnetic field
  2. Radiofrequency pulse applied at right angles to magnetization
  3. Radiofrequency pulse stops
30
Q

What determines the intensity of a MRI signal?

A
  1. Proton density
  2. T1 (longitudinal) proton relaxation times
  3. T2 (transverse) proton relaxation times
31
Q

Sequence of events during image acquisition creates contrast using what 2 key parameters?

A

Time to echo (TE)
Time to repetition (TR)

32
Q

What is time to echo and time to repetition?

A

TE: time at which signal is captured
TR: time at which radiofrequency pulse is repeated to again displace the protons

33
Q

how will hyper intense and hypo intense structures appear?

A

Hyper: brighter
Hypo: darker

34
Q

in T1 images tissues that rapidly release energy are (BLANK) and tissues slow to release energy are (BLANK)

A

Rapid: brighter (fat)
Slow: Darker (water)

35
Q

in T2 images tissues that rapidly release energy are (BLANK) and tissues slow to release energy are (BLANK)

A

Rapid: darker (fat)
Slow: Brighter (water)

36
Q

What does a doppler ultrasound measure and detect?

A

Measure: flow and lumen diameter of blood vessels
Detects: Artery stenosis & vasospasm

37
Q

What is done during a CT angiography and what does it detect?

A

Process: Inject contrast with spinal CT scan
Detects: Major artery stenosis, arterial dissection, aneurysms and vascular malformations

38
Q

What does a MRA detect?

A

Narrowing in large vessels, some aneurysms and vascular malformations

39
Q

What is electroencehphalography?

A

Recording of electrical potential generated in the brain using electrodes

40
Q

What is a SPECT/PET?

A

Single photon/position emission computed tomography

41
Q

How do Nuclear scan work?

A

Patient is made radioactive with an isotope

42
Q

What is a diagnostic ultrasound?

A

High frequency sound waves create an image of living tissues

43
Q

When are diagnostic ultrasound commonly used?

A

Abdominal imaging, obstetrics, vascular studies, and head ultrasound of infants

Clinical Med (Year 2) (17 decks)

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