Diagnostic Findings

Question 1

A lactate above what level warrants intervention!

Answer 1

> 2.5 mmol/L

Question 2

At what level of blood potassium would you need to intervene?

Answer 2

> 6.O mEq/L
< 3 mEq/L

Question 3

At what level of blood sodium would we need to intervene?

Answer 3

Na > 160mEq\L
Na < 130 mEq/L

Question 4

Hypoxemia is defined as a PaO2….

Answer 4

< 80 mmHg

Question 5

Hypoventilation is defined as a PaCO2…..

Answer 5

> 50 m Hg

Question 6

A P/F ratio of < 300 suggests…

Answer 6

Acute lung injury.

Question 7

A P/F ratio < 200 suggests….

Answer 7

Acute respiratory distress syndrome.

Question 8

Define Cushings reflex

Answer 8

Bradycardia
Hypertension

Question 9

A metabolic acidosis is dogs is defined as….

Answer 9

pH < 7.34
Base deficit < 4 mmol/L
Commonly with hyperlactataemia > 2.5.

Question 10

A metabolic acidosis in cats is defined as….

Answer 10

pH < 7.34
Base deficit < 5 mmol/L
Commonly with hyperlactataemia > 2.5.

Question 11

What is the normal PCV range on dogs?

Answer 11

37 - 55%

Question 12

What is the normal PCV range in cats?

Answer 12

30 - 45 %

Question 13

What is the normal TS/TP range on refractometer?

Answer 13

60 - 75

Question 14

A high PCV and TS will be seen with what classic condition?

Answer 14

Dehydration.

Question 15

A low PCV and TS will be seen with?

Answer 15

Blood loss
Anaemia
Hypoproteinaemia

Question 16

A normal PCV and TS will be seen in a healthy patient, what acute condition may this also be seen?

Answer 16

Acute haemorrhage

Question 17

Low PCV and normal TS wil be seen with?

Answer 17

Anaemia

Question 18

A normal PCV and low TS will be seen with?

Answer 18

Hypoproteinaemia.

Question 19

A high PCV and Low TS may indicate?

Answer 19

Hypoproteinaemia
Polycythaemia
Splenic contraction

Question 20

What is the normal BG in the dog and cat?

Answer 20

80 to 120 mg/dl
4.5 - 8.3 mmol/l

Question 22

What pH level is classed as acidemia?

Answer 22

< 7.35

Question 23

What ph is classed as alkalaemic?

Answer 23

> 7.4

Question 24

Patients with severe hypoxia and/or Hypovolaemia may have hyperglycaemia due to what response?

Answer 24

Sympathoadrenal response.

Question 25

What is the normal USG in the dog?

Answer 25

Dogs: 1.015–1.045

Question 26

What is the normal USG in the cat?

Answer 26

Cats: 1.035–1.060

Question 27

What Lactate level is considered intermediate hyperlactataemia?

Answer 27

2.5 - 4 mmol/L

Question 28

What is the normal base excess?

Answer 28

- 2 to +2

Question 29

What does ALT reflect?

Answer 29

Liver cell damage.

Question 30

What does ALKP/AP reflect?

Answer 30

Bone and liver

Question 31

What does creatinine reflect?

Answer 31

Decreased Renal excretion

Question 32

What lactate level is considered high?

Answer 32

> 4 mmol/L

Question 32

What does bile acids reflect?

Answer 32

Hepatic function

Question 33

Total proteins are the sum of ?

Answer 33

Albumin and globulins

Question 34

What is the main role of albumin?

Answer 34

To maintain intravascular colloid pressure.

Question 35

Increased Globulins are seen with?

Answer 35

Infection Inflammation

Question 36

Low urea is associated with?

Answer 36

Liver disease

Question 37

High urea is associated with?

Answer 37

Renal disease GI haemorrhage.

Question 38

What level of hypoglycaemia requires dextrose bolus?

Answer 38

< 60mg/dl

Question 39

How is a pneumothorax diagnosed on ultrasound?

Answer 39

Lack of glide sign.

Question 40

Interstitial alveolar disease is indicated by the presence of?

Answer 40

> 3 b lines in more than one lung field.

Question 41

A patient with B-lines should be examined to differentiate between a cardiac and non-cardiac cause. How?

Answer 41

Left atrial enlargement. Left aortic diameter of at least 1.5 - 1.

Question 42

When mitochondria can no longer support aerobic metabolism and ATP production fails, this is known as?

Answer 42

Dysoxia

Question 43

(0.03 x PaO2) + (1.34 x [Hb] x SO2) is the formular for?

Answer 43

Oxygen content in arterial blood.

Question 44

What is the blood volume of a dog?

Answer 44

90ml/kg.

Question 45

What is the blood volume on a cat?

Answer 45

60ml/kg

Question 46

What ratio of fluid creatinine to peripheral creatinine is considered diagnostic for abdomen?

Answer 46

>2:1