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Cardio: ECGs > Diagnosing from the ECG > Flashcards

Diagnosing from the ECG Flashcards

0
Q

COPD

A 
Generalized small complexes
R axis
RAH (P pulmonale)
RVH
RBBB
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1
Q

Pulmonary Embolism

A 
Sinus tachycardia
RVH
RBBB
S1 Q3 T3
Could have atrial arrhythmias
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2
Q

Mitral Stenosis

A

LAH if in sinus rhythm
AF is common
RVH
R axis

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3
Q

Mitral Incompetence

A

LAH if in sinus rhythm
AF common
LVH
RVH

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4
Q

Hyperkalaemia

A

Flat/absent P waves
Broadened QRS
Large peaked T waves
Arrhythmias

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5
Q

Hypokalaemia

A 
Flat T waves
Prominent U waves
Prolonged QT
1st or 2nd degree block
ST depression
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6
Q

Hypercalcaemia

A

Shortened QT

Flat T waves

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7
Q

Hypocalcaemia

A

Prolonged QT

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8
Q

Parts of a STEMI

A

Necrosis - pathological Q wave
Injury - ST elevation
Ischemia - inverted T wave

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9
Q

If T waves remain inverted 2 weeks after a STEMI

A

Suspect a myocardial aneurysm

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10
Q

Earliest sign of a MI

A

Giant peaked T waves

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11
Q

What leads show infarction of the RCA of circumflex artery?

A

Inferior leads (S2, S3, aVF)

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12
Q

What leads show infarction of the LAD?

A

Chest leads (V1-V6)

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13
Q

What leads show infarction of the 1st diagonal of the LAD?

A

High lateral leads (S1, aVL)

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14
Q

What causes sinus tachycardia?

A 
Exercise
Pregnancy
Fever
Anaemia
Thyrotoxicosis
CF
Shock
PE
Alcohol Withdrawal
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15
Q

How can you unmask flutter waves?

A

Vagal stimulation

Adenosine

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16
Q

Treatment of Atrial Flutter

A

Electrical cardioversion

Radio-frequency catheter ablation

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17
Q

AVNRT is common in?

A

Young pts with structurally normal hearts

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18
Q

Rate of AVNRT

A

150-250 bpm

19
Q

Type of drugs to be avoided if direction of conduction is reversed in AVRT

A

Drugs that inhibit AV condution such as Verapamil and Digoxin

20
Q

What should be ruled out as a cause if AF is discovered?

A

Thyrotoxicosis

21
Q

What steps should be taken to manage AF?

A

Prevent thrombo-embolic episodes
Control ventricular rate
Find treatable cause
Regain sinus rhythm

22
Q

What rhythm has 3 or more ectopic atrial beats and P waves which vary in morphology?

A

Multifocal Atrial Tachycardia

23
Q

What is the most common cause of MAT?

A

Obstructive airway disease

24
Q

A scar from a previous MI is a common cause for which tachyarrhythmia?

A

Ventricular Tachycardia

25
Q

Treatment of VT

A

Electrical cardioversion

Anti-arrhythmic drug such as Amiodarone or Lignocaine

26
Q

Signs of VT

A

AV dissociation
QRS > 140ms
Electrial concordance
NW axis

27
Q

Treatment of non-sustained VT

A

Prophylactic anti-arrhythmic drug or implantable defibrillator

28
Q

Torades de Point is worsened with what type of drugs?

A

Anti-arrhythmic drugs

29
Q

Treatment of Torsades de Point

A

Electrical cardioversion
Correct electrolyte disturbances esp. low Mg
Isoprenaline infusion or cardiac pacing

30
Q

Treatment for VF

A

Adnvanced cardiac life support

electrical cardioversion

31
Q

What should be excluded in pts with premature ventricular ectopic beats to ensure good prognosis?

A

Ischaemia and structural heart disease

32
Q

What is a delta wave?

A

The initial slurred QRS deflection characteristic of WPW syndrome

33
Q

Describe the AF pts with WPWS are prone to develop

A

Irregular, broad complex tachycardia with anterograde conduction

34
Q

Name the regular, narrow tachyarrhythmias

A 
Sinus tachycardia
Ectopic atrial tachycardia
Atrial flutter
AVNRT
AVRT
35
Q

Name the Irregular, narrow tachyarrhythmias

A

AF
Atrial flutter with variable block
MAT

36
Q

Name the regular, broad tachyarrhythmias

A 
VT
SVT with BBB
SVT with aberrant conduction
SVT with eccentric conduction
Ventricular pacemaker
38
Q

Name the Irregular, broad tachyarrhythmias

A 
AF with BBB
AF with aberrant conduction
AF with eccentric conduction
Multifocal ventricular rhythm
Torsades de Point
39
Q

Extrinsic causes of sinus bradycardia

A

Drugs
Hypothyroidism
Cholestatic jaundice

40
Q

Intrinsic causes of sinus bradycardia

A

SSS

Ischaemic heart disease

41
Q

In what condition will exersice or atropine have no effect on the heart rate

A

Sick Sinus Syndrome

42
Q

Causes of 1st degree block

A 
Fit
Beta-blockers
RF
Myocarditis
Ischaemia
43
Q

What heart block is the PR interval progressively lengthened until a beat is dropped?

A

2nd degree - Mobitz 1

44
Q

Mobitz 1 is commonly observed after?

A

Inferior MI

45
Q

Who would require pacing in Mobitz 1?

A

Symptomatic elderly pts with structural heart disese

46
Q

Why is a pacemaker indicated in Mobitz 2?

A

It often progresses to 3rd degree block

47
Q

If the QRS complex is narrow in complete block, where does the escape rhythm originate?

A

The AV junction

Cardio: ECGs (2 decks)

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