Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Y3 - Endocrine and metabolic > Diabetic nephropathy > Flashcards

Diabetic nephropathy Flashcards

1
Q

what is diabetic nephropathy?

A

a complication of diabetes resulting in persistent albuminuria on 2 or more occasions, > 3 months apart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is nephropathy?

A

The deterioration of kidney function.
The final stage of nephropathy is kidney failure, end-stage renal disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the leading cause of end-stage kidney disease?

A

diabetic nephropathy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What key lab findings indicate nephropathy in T2 diabetes?

A
  1. Progressive decline in eGFR
  2. Persistent albuminuria
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Describe how diabetes can damage the kidneys:

A

hyperglycaemia produces reactive oxygen species and inflammation that causes increased vascular permeability and fibrosis of the kidneys

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Give 4 presentations associated with diabetic nephropathy:

A

1) fatigue
2) foamy urine (proteinuria)
3) leg swelling
4) hypoalbuminaemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What percent of kidney failure cases are caused by diabetes?

A

40%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the risk factors for diabetic nephropathy?

A

being African-American, Hispanic, or American Indian
having a family history of kidney disease
developing type 1 diabetes before you are 20 years of age
smoking
being overweight or obese
having other diabetes complications, such as eye disease or nerve damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is a microalbuminuria test?

A

A microalbuminuria urine test checks for albumin in your urine. Normal urine does not contain albumin, so the presence of the protein in your urine is a sign of kidney damage.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is a BUN blood test?

A

A BUN blood test checks for the presence of urea nitrogen in your blood. Urea nitrogen forms when protein is broken down. Higher than normal levels of urea nitrogen in your blood may be a sign of kidney failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What does a serum creatinine blood test show?

A

A serum creatinine blood test measures creatinine levels in your blood. Your kidneys remove creatinine from your body by sending creatinine to the bladder, where it is released with urine. If your kidneys are damaged, they cannot remove the creatinine properly from your blood.

High creatinine levels in your blood may mean that your kidneys are not functioning correctly. Your doctor will use your creatinine level to estimate your glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), which helps to determine how well your kidneys are working.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is Stage 1 Kidney disease?

A

mildest stage; kidneys have some damage, but are still functioning at a normal level
GFR=90+

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is stage 2 kidney disease?

A

kidneys are damaged and have some loss of functionality
GFR = 89-60

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is stage 3 kidney disease?

A

kidney has lost up to half of its functionality; can also lead to problems with your bones
GFR=59-30

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is stage 4 kidney disease?

A

severe kidney damage
GFR=29-15

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is stage 5 kidney disease?

A

kidney failure; you will need dialysis or a kidney transplant
GFR=<15

17
Q

What conservative management is used for diabetic nephropathy?

A

There is no cure for diabetic nephropathy, but treatments can delay or stop the progression of the disease. Treatments consist of keeping blood sugar levels under control and blood pressure levels within their target range through medications and lifestyle changes. Your doctor will also recommend special diet modifications. If your kidney disease progresses to ESRD, you will require more invasive treatments.

18
Q

What medication can be given to manage diabetic nephropathy?

A

Regularly monitoring your blood sugar levels, using proper dosages of insulin, and taking medications as directed by your doctor can keep your blood sugar levels under control. Your doctor may prescribe ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), or other blood pressure medications to keep your blood pressure levels down.

Kerendia (finerenone) is a prescription medicine that can reduce the risk of sustained GFR decline, end-stage kidney disease, cardiovascular death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, and hospitalization for heart failure in adults with CKD associ

  • ACR >3 = ACEi/ ARB even if BP is normal
  • ACR >30 = ACEi/ARB + SGLT2i
  • stage 3/4 CKD = ACEi/ARB + SGLT2i + finerenone
19
Q

What is the characteristic histology finding associated with diabetic nephropathy?

A

Kimmselstiel-Wilson nodes (along with glomerular basement membrane thickening)

20
Q

what is the pathophysiology of diabetic nephropathy?

A
  • persistent hyperglycaemia > damage of small blood vessels and nephrons in the kidney
  • causes impaired filtration and protein to leak from the blood into the urine = PROTEINURIA
21
Q

how are diabetic patients screened for diabetic nephropathy?

A

annual ACR (urine albumin:creatinine ratio) testing

  • early morning urine sample

Y3 - Endocrine and metabolic (20 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions