Diabetes type I and type II Flashcards
______ is a metabolic disorder or disease that is brought about by either the insufficient production of insulin or inadequate activity of insulin receptors.
Diabetes mellitus
The disease can be classified into what three different categories?
- type 1,
- type 2
- gestational diabetes.
Essentials of diagnosis for what issue?
(1) Polyuria / Polydipsia
(2) Weight loss
(3) Plasma glucose of 126 mg/dL or higher after an overnight fast, documented on more than one occasion.
(4) Ketonemia / ketonuria - inadequate insulin leads to inadequate glucose within muscle cells which promotes fat metabolism (the source of ketones).
Diabetes
definition of what type of diabetes?
Auto-immune antibodies (anti-pancreatic islet cells, anti-insulin, anti-
GAD65).
(a) Primarily occurs in children and adolescence through may develop in adults up to the age of 30.
(b) Patients with this type diabetes have partial or absolute deficiency of endogenous insulin production and require exogenous insulin for survival.
Type 1
Classic signs and symptoms of what issue
May include polyuria, polydipsia, fatigue, polyphagia, unexplained weight loss, poor wound healing, blurred vision, and a higher prevalence of certain infections, especially candidal vaginitis and balanitis, recurrent/severe urinary tract infections, recurrent skin infections, and malignant otitis externa.
diabetes
The presence of any symptoms of diabetes or infections should lead the Independent Duty Corpsman to check the patient’s what?
blood glucose level
Lab/imaging findings: Type 1 Diabetes
Urine screening:
1) A urine dipstick is a rapid screening that may point to a diagnosis of urinary tract infection (UTI), kidney disease, diabetes, or a urinary injury.
2) If test results are _______, other tests will be needed before a definite diagnosis can be made.
3) Glucosuria: The average renal threshold for glucose is approximately ____mg/dl (above this range glucose is usually typically detectible in urine).
4) Ketonemia, ketonuria, or both
2) abnormal
3) 150- 180mg/dL
Lab/imaging findings: Type 1 Diabetes
Blood testing procedures:
1) Plasma glucose of _____ mg/dL or higher after an overnight fast, documented on more than one occasion.
2) An oral Glucose Tolerance Test (GTT) is used if the fasting plasma glucose level is < ______ mg/dL in suspected cases (most commonly used to screen for gestational diabetes).
3) Presence of one or more autoantibodies such as; _______, _____ and ______.
4) Glycosylated Hemoglobin (Hemoglobin A1): ______ is a form of hemoglobin that is measured primarily to identify the average plasma glucose concentration over time.
1) 126 mg/dL
2) 126 mg/dL
3) Anti-insulin, antiislet cell, and anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD65)
4) HbA1c
The advantages of using the HbA1c to diagnose diabetes are that there is no need to fast; and it provides an estimate of glucose control for the preceding _____ months
2-3 months
A fasting plasma glucose ≥ 126 mg/dL or HbA1c of 6.5% is diagnostic of
diabetes if what?
confirmed by repeat testing
Treatment Diabetes Type 1
Insulin therapy: Only medication that is effective in lowering blood glucose levels in type 1 diabetes.
Insulin is indicated for type 1 diabetes as well as for type 2 diabetes with what issues?
hyperglycemia not adequately controlled with diet alone or combined with other medications
Insulin is indicated for type 1 diabetes as well as for type 2 diabetes with what issues?
hyperglycemia not adequately controlled with diet alone or combined with other medications
Insulin is supplied in AMMAL in 10 ml bottles containing 100 un/ml, which is a (short or slow) acting insulin.
SHORT
Short Term Therapy Type 1 1) Treatment of type 1 DM requires a multidisciplinary approach by the healthcare team (Physician, Nurse, and Dietitian). 2) Patients diagnosed with new-onset of type 1 DM require \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ therapy. 3) Immediate short term goal is to what?
2) lifelong insulin
3) control hyperglycemia, maintain serum electrolytes and hydration to avoid DKA episodes.
