diabetes quiz Flashcards
diagnostic threshold value for diabetes (blood glucose)
1) random plasma glucose level >11.1 mmol/L (200 mg/dl)
or 2) fasting plasma glucose >7.0 mmol/L (126 mg/dl)
or 3) 2-hour plasma glucose >11.1 mmol/L (200 mg/dl) after an OGTT, 4) glycated haemoglobin ( HbA1c) ≥ 6.5% (48 mmol/mol).
In the absence of specific symptoms of the disease, each test must be confirmed on a subsequent occasion (with the same or a different test).
what is prediabetes
Prediabetes includes individuals with impaired fasting glucose (IFG) and/or impaired glucose tolerance (IGT). This condition is associated with an increased risk to develop diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and cardiovascular disease. Therefore, individuals with prediabetes are the target of preventive measures based on lifestyle changes.
insulin deficiency is associated with increased ketogenesis (T/F)
T
Absolute insulin deficiency leads to an accelerated lipolysis in the adipose tissue with a consequent increased flux of free fatty acids to the liver. Normally, in the liver fatty acids undergo beta-oxidation to acetyl CoA, which is totally oxidised in the Krebs cycle. In an insulin-deficient state, the capacity of the liver to oxidise all acetyl CoA is exceeded and ketone bodies are formed.
risk factors for T2DM
overnutrition with a high intake of saturated fat
sedentary lifestyle
Fhx
pathogenesis of hyperglycaemia in T2DM
Plasma concentration and/or action of the GLP-1 and GIP are reduced in patients with type 2 diabetes. Consequently, the potentiating effect of these hormones on insulin secretion is reduced. This alteration is termed “reduced incretin effect” .
how would you check a patients mean plasma glucose concentration over the previous 8-10wks
HbA1c
are autoimmune factors involved with both T1 and T2DM?
In type 1 diabetes, immunological factors cause the destruction of the beta cells, which leads to an absolute insulin deficiency; in fact, auto-antibodies against the beta-cell antigens are present in the blood of most patients with type 1 diabetes. In contrast, no immunological activation is present in type 2 diabetes.
What is an adverse effect that can occur in exercise in diabetic individuals
hypoglycaemia
due mainly to an increased glucose uptake in the skeletal muscle. To prevent this complication, patients should consume a snack with 30-40 g carbohydrate before and hourly during exercise and/or reduce pre-exercise insulin dosages.
how can high risk individuals reduce their risk of developing diabetes
Losing 5-7% of body weight through a hypocaloric low fat diet and 30 minutes of daily activity
able to reduced incidence of diabetes by 60% in high risk individuals
what are the recommended BP and lipid goals for the prevention of CV disease in diabetic adults
BP <130/80
trig <150
LDL <100
what is the 1st line drug for pts w/ T2DM and obesity
metformin
what is the recommended consumption of saturated fat in the nutritional management of pts w/ diabetes
<10% of total daily energy
T1DM risk factors
genetic
AI
environmental
what % of all diabetes cases does T2DM account for in adults
90-95%
risk factors for T2DM
advanced age
obesity
physical inactivity
