Diabetes Pre lecture

Question 1

_____ is a main source stored as glycogen in a liver

Answer 1

Glucose

Question 2

Hormonal Control of Blood Glucose is done by

Answer 2

▪Pancreatic hormones
▪Counter-regulatory hormones
▪Gut-derived hormones

Question 3

Pancreas is a glandular organ and its functions are

Answer 3

Glandular organ that secretes digestive enzymes and hormones
▪ Plays fundamental role in digestion and food energy utilization
▪ Exocrine (digestion break down)
▪ Endocrine (regulates immediate utilization and storage of food energy)

Question 4

Pancreatic islet have alpha alpha and beta cells

Answer 4

▪ Alpha cells Secrete glucagon
▪ Alpha cells also effect the breakdown of liver glycogen and ↑ glucose levels in the blood

Beta cells Secrete insulin & amylin
Beta cells also also↑ uptake of glucose into cells and facilitate conversion of glucose to glycogen in the liver

Question 5

Functions of Alpha cell
Beta cells
D cells
F cells

Answer 5

Alpha cells secrete Glucagon
Beta cells secrete Insulin and Amylin
D cells (somatostatin)
F (pancreatic peptide)

Question 6

Insulin is a ____

Answer 6

Anabolic hormone

Question 7

Insulin functions are

Answer 7

It is a Key regulatory hormone of glucose disappearance
Secretion is regulated by glucose and incretin hormones
Increased during absorptive state and decreased during post-absorptive state

Question 8

Insulin effects in the liver, muscle, and adipose tissue are

Answer 8

It Inhibits hepatic glucose production and glucagon secretion
Stimulate glycogenesis in the liver
Stimulates glucose uptake in muscle and fat tissue

Question 9

Amylin functions are

Answer 9

It is Co-secreted with insulin in response to nutrient stimuli
It Inhibits postprandial glucose excursions:
It Suppresses digestive secretions and Slows gastric emptying

Question 10

Glucagon is the _______

Answer 10

Catabolic hormone

Question 11

Glucagon functions are

Answer 11

It is The major regulator of glucose appearance and Works antagonistically to insulin (and produce in response to low glucose levelHypoglycemia)

▪ Glucagon release is Inhibited by ↑ glucose levels and the presence of fatty acids and ketones

Glucagon release is Stimulated by ↓ glucose levels and the presence of amino acids

Question 12

In normal homeostasis, the balance between _____ and _____ maintains normal glycemia.

Answer 12

counter-regulatory hormones and insulin

Question 13

Glucagon – promotes _______

Answer 13

gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis, increases release of fatty acids from adipose cells

Question 14

Epinephrine _____________

Answer 14

increases the use of fat for energy, promotes glycogenolysis inhibits insulin release

Question 15

Growth hormone _________________

Answer 15

– decreases the peripheral use of glucose

Question 16

• Cortisol – _______________________________

Answer 16

critical during periods of fasting and starvation; increase gluconeogenesis

Question 17

Counteract the storage functions of insulin in regulating blood glucose levels

Answer 17

during periods of fasting, exercise, stress, and other situations that either limit glucose intake or deplete glucose stores

Question 18

The function of the Gut in maintaining glucose levels is

Answer 18

Oral ingestion of food stimulates the release of incretin hormones from the small intestine

GLP-1 released from L cells of the ileum and colon

GIP released from K cells of the duodenum

Question 19

GLP and GIP are

Answer 19

glucose-dependent and when glucose level is slow they stop working

Question 20

Intestinal Hormones are _____

Answer 20

GIP and GLP-1

Question 21

GIP functions are

Answer 21

it Acts at β cell

Enhances glucose-dependent insulin secretion

May act as an insulin sensitizer in adipocytes

GIP has no effect on glucagon secretion, gastric motility, or satiety

Question 22

GLP-1 functions are

Answer 22

It Acts at α and β cells

It Enhances glucose-dependent insulin secretion

Suppresses glucagon secretion

Slows gastric emptying

Has a satiety effect on the brain

Question 23

The kidney also plays an important role in glucose regulation are

Answer 23

1) release of glucose from glyconeogenesis
2) uptake of glucose from the body to meet the renal requirement
3) Glucose reabsorption in the tubule.